ࡱ> q` bjbjqPqP ;::+ ^ ^ ^   RXRXRX8X~ZT [[[[[[[[$shۚZ x[[xx [[?x [ [x [[  ,RXxU05 55 [\ :ffms>[[[X[[[xxxx KnW nW  Chuyn  6 BIN GII QUC GIA V BO V CH QUYN BIN GII QUC GIA; QUN L V BO V CH QUYN BIN, O VIT NAM TRONG TNH HNH MI PHN I BIN GII QUC GIA V BO V CH QUYN BIN GII QUC GIA I. NHNG VN  CHUNG 1. Khi nim, v tr ngh)a a) Khi nim Bin gii quc gia Bin gii quc gia l ng v mt thng ng i theo ng  xc nh gii hn lnh th quc gia v gii hn hiu lc ch quyn quc gia ca Nh nc. Bin gii quc gia c quy nh bi cc hip c, hip nh, gia cc nc c chung bin gii ph hp vi lut php, tp qun quc t. Nh vy, bin gii quc gia gm c ng bin gii v mt bin gii. ng bin gii quc gia l ng chy trn mt t, mt nc gii hn lnh th ca quc gia. ng bin gii trn t lin l ng bin gii c xc nh trn b, trn o, trn sng, h v bin ni a. ng bin gii quc gia trn bin l ng vch ra  phn nh vng lnh hi ca quc gia vi vng tip lin m quc gia ven b c ch quyn hoc vi ni thy, lnh hi ca quc gia khc c b bin lin k hoc i din. Lu , vng bin pha ngoi ng bin gii quc gia trn bin, cc quc gia ven bin cn c quyn ch quyn, quyn ti phn vi vng c quyn kinh t, thm lc a theo Lut bin quc t 1982. Mt bin gii: trn c s ng bin gii xc nh bin gii trn khng v lng t c lut php quc t tha nhn. Trn c s Lut Quc t hin i, Lut bin gii quc gia nc Cng ho x hi ch ngh)a Vit Nam nm 2003 xc nh:  Bin gii quc gia nc Cng ho x hi ch ngh)a Vit Nam l ng v mt thng ng theo ng   xc nh gii hn lnh th t lin, cc o, cc qun o trong  c qun o Hong Sa v qun o Trng Sa; vng bin, lng t, vng tri ca nc Cng ho x hi ch ngh)a Vit Nam . Khu vc bin gii Khu vc bin gii l mt b phn ca lnh th quc gia c chnh din, chiu su v tip lin vi ng Bin gii quc gia; khu vc Bin gii c ch  Php l ring do Chnh ph ban hnh nhm bo v an ton bin gii quc gia. Ty vo v tr a l ca lnh th quc gia m Chnh ph ban hnh quy ch khu vc bin gii t lin, khu vc bin gii bin v khu vc bin gii trn khng. Khu vc bin gii t lin nc ta bao gm cc x, phng, th trn, c a gii hnh chnh tip gip vi ng bin gii quc gia trn t lin. Khu vc bin gii bin tnh t ng bin gii quc gia trn bin tr vo ht a gii hnh chnh cc x, phng, th trn gip bin, o, qun o. Khu vc bin gii trn khng gm phn khng gian dc theo bin gii quc gia c chiu rng 10 km tnh t ng bin gii quc gia tr vo. Qun l, bo v bin gii quc gia Qun l, bo v bin gii quc gia l tng th cc hot ng lnh o, ch o, t chc, iu hnh ca ng, Nh nc, Qun i v cp y ng, chnh quyn a phng vi cc hot ng qun l, bo v ch quyn an ninh bin gii; hot ng ca lc lng nng ct chuyn trch B i Bin phng; cc lc lng khc v qun chng nhn dn khu vc bin gii nhm qun l, bo v ch quyn ton vn lnh th, bo v ti nguyn, mi trng, li ch quc gia trn khu vc bin gii; gi vng an ninh chnh tr, trt t an ton x hi  khu vc bin gii. Trn th gii v khu vc, tranh chp bin gii, lnh th lun l vn  nng bng. i vi nc ta bin gii, bin, o  v ang c phn gii, cm mc, phn nh r rng nhng cn nhiu vn  phc tp, nhy cm cn gii quyt vi cc nc c lin quan. V vy cng tc qun l, bo v ch quyn an ninh bin gii quc gia ca Vit Nam lun c ng, Nh nc, Chnh ph quan tm hng u nhm qun l, bo v vng chc c lp ch quyn, ton vn lnh th, an ninh bin gii, vng bin ca T quc, ng thi gp phn xy dng bin gii ha bnh, hu ngh, hp tc, pht trin vi cc nc trong khu vc. b) V tr ngh)a Bin gii quc gia nc Cng ho x hi ch ngh)a Vit Nam l thing ling, bt kh xm phm. Xy dng, qun l, bo v bin gii quc gia c ngh)a c bit quan trng i vi s ton vn lnh th, ch quyn quc gia, gp phn gi vng n nh chnh tr, pht trin kinh t - x hi, tng cng quc phng v an ninh v i ngoi ca t nc. V quc phng, an ninh Bin gii, bin - o c v tr tin tiu, l  phn du ca T quc, l tuyn u trong th trn quc phng, an ninh. Trong thi bnh l ni u tranh chng mi vi phm ch quyn ton vn lnh th, phng chng  Din bin ha bnh , bo lon lt , cc hot ng xm phm an ninh trt t ca k ch v cc loi i tng. Trong thi chin khu vc bin gii l ni kp thi pht hin chng hot ng xung t vi trang, gin ip bit kch, hot ng phi vi trang; l ni u tin v n cui cng chng chin tranh xm lc ca ch. Bin gii t lin ch yu i qua a hnh i ni, vi a hnh him tr, chia ct l a bn chin lc v phng th, bo v t nc chng k th xm lc. Thun li cho xy dng th trn khu vc phng th v tc chin ca lc lng vi trang a phng tc chin theo hnh thc nh l, phn tn c ng bng phng tin ti ch, th s; kh khn cho k ch xm lc vi hnh thc tc chin quy m ln, lc lng ln, c ng nhanh vi vi kh, trang b, phng tin hin i. Tuy nhin, cc tuyn bin gii, bin - o cing l a bn trng im v an ninh, trt t ni k ch d li dng b tr lc lng ci cm, nhen nhm t chc  thm nhp ni a, tin hnh  Din bin ha bnh , bo lon lt  ph hoi cch mng Vit Nam. V kinh t - x hi Khu vc bin gii v vng bin Vit Nam l ni tp trung nhiu ti nguyn, khong sn, lm th sn, thu sn... c gi tr kinh t cao, l tim nng xy dng, pht trin kinh t ti ch, gp phn vi s pht trin chung ca t nc, to c s vt cht vng chc cho s nghip xy dng v bo v T quc... Khu vc bin gii l ni c nhiu dn tc thiu s sinh sng, trong nhng nm qua, ng, Nh nc, Chnh ph v cc a phng bin gii  v ang tng cng thc hin ng li, chnh sch tng cng xy dng cng c c s chnh tr; u tin pht trin kinh t - x hi, kt hp vi cng c quc phng - an ninh  xy dng khu vc bin gii vng mnh ton din nn i sng chnh tr, vt cht, tinh thn ca nhn dn bin gii khng ngng c nng cao. Tuy nhin, hin nay i sng ca nhn dn bin gii cn rt nhiu kh khn, trnh  dn tr thp, i hi phi tp trung u t tha ng v mi mt, nht l kinh t - x hi  thc y vic xy dng khu vc phng th bin gii vng mnh. V i ngoi Bin gii quc gia l ca ng quan h giao lu quc t, l b mt ca t nc, th hin ch quyn ca nc Cng ho x hi ch ngh)a Vit Nam, l ni giao lu tip xc v kinh t, vn ho - x hi gia nc ta vi cc nc lng ging v quc t. Ni quan h trc tip gia lc lng bo v bin gii nc ta vi nc lng ging  bo v v duy tr vic thc hin cc hip nh, hip c v bin gii. Ni th hin trc tin vic u tranh bo v c lp, ch quyn ton vn lnh th v tng cng tnh on kt quc t v ho bnh, hu ngh, hp tc, pht trin gia Vit Nam vi cc nc trong khu vc v trn th gii. 2. Quan im ca ng, Nh nc ta v qun l, bo v bin quc gia Trn c s vn dng sng to l lun ch ngh)a Mc-Lnin v bin gii v lnh th quc gia; k tha kinh nghim qun l, bo v c lp ch quyn lnh th quc gia ca ng, cha ta v cc nc trn th gii. Cn c vo tnh hnh thc tin ca cch mng nc ta, ng, Nh nc ta c th ho bng cc t tng v quan im c bn sau: a) Bin gii quc gia nc Cng ha x hi ch ngh)a Vit Nam l thing ling, bt kh xm phm phi c qun l, bo v vng chc trong mi tnh hung, mi iu kin y l quan im ch o xuyn xut ca ng, Nh nc i vi s nghip xy dng v bo v T quc ni chung, s nghip qun l, bo v ch quyn an ninh bin gii ni ring. Quan im ny pht huy truyn thng ca cha ng ta bo v bin gii; phn nh ng tm t, nguyn vong v tnh cm ca mi ngi dn Vit Nam; trn c s l lun ch ngha Mc-Lnin v ph hp vi nguyn tc c bn ca lut php quc t v bin gii, lnh th. Quan im ny th hin phi ch trng xy dng lc lng, pht huy sc mnh tng hp ca ton dn tc, sc mnh thi i, sc mnh trong nc, sc mnh quc t, sc mnh tng hp ca chnh tr, quc phng - an ninh, kinh t - i ngoi... qun l, bo v vng chc ch quyn an ninh bin gii quc gia ca T quc. Kin cng u tranh chng cc hot ng xm phm ch quyn lnh th, ch quyn an ninh bin gii. ng thi, quan im trn cng th hin r lp trng t tng ca ng, Nh nc, dn tc ta: tn trng c lp ch quyn, ton vn lnh th v an ninh bin gii quc gia ca cc nc lng ging. y chnh l iu kin tin quyt cho s n nh ca quan h quc t. Hin php nm 1992 ca nc ta khng nh: Nc Cng ho x hi ch ngha Vit Nam l mt nc c lp, c ch quyn, thng nht v ton vn lnh th bao gm t lin, cc hi o, vng bin v vng tri... T quc Vit Nam l thing ling, bt kh xm phm. Mi m mu v hnh ng chng li c lp, ch quyn, thng nht v ton vn lnh th ca T quc, chng li s nghip xy dng v bo v T quc Vit Nam x hi ch ngha u b nghim tr theo php lut. b) Xy dng v bo v bin gii l nhim v chung ca ng, Nh nc; ca ton dn, ton qun, cc ngnh, cc cp, cc on th m trc tip l qun chng nhn dn  khu vc bin gii Ngh quyt 11/NQ-TW, ngy 8/8/1995 ca B Chnh tr v "xy dng B i Bin phng trong tnh hnh mi" xc nh:  Xy dng v bo v bin gii quc gia l nhim v chung ca ton ng, ton dn, ca tt c cc ngnh, cc cp, ca Nh nc v cc on th . Nh vy, bo v bin gii quc gia l nhim v chung ca c nc, dn tc, cc a phng, cc ngnh v nhn dn  ni a v khu vc bin gii nhm pht huy c sc mnh tng hp c dn tc, thi i, sc mnh khi i on kt ton dn tham gia bo v vng chc ch quyn, an ninh bin gii quc gia ca T quc. Ch tch H Ch Minh  ch r: "Chng ta phi da vo dn, nht l Cng an bin phng,  nhng ni ng bo thiu s, phi ch n phong tc tp qun ca ng bo, lun gip  gio dc ng bo, lm cho ng bo tin yu, phc cn b th ng bo s ht sc gip , c khi hy sinh c cho ta. i vi nhng n v  bin thu hay  cc hi o vic y phi ht sc ch ; phi gip  dn, ngy thng tm mi cch gio dc h, gip , t chc h. Mun lm nh th, phi nm vng chnh sch i vi ng bo thiu s, iu  rt cn thit"1. (1) Tuy nhin, cc c quan, lc lng ng chn  khu vc bin gii; qun chng nhn dn sinh sng  khu vc bin gii l lc lng trc tip pht hin, ngn chn, u tranh vi cc hot ng vi phm ch quyn, an ninh bin gii quc gia. V vy, phi tham gia xy dng bin gii vng mnh ton din, trc mt, trng tm l xy dng, pht trin kinh t - x hi gn lin vi cng c quc phng - an ninh  qun chng nhn dn yn tm lm n, sn xut, nh c  khu vc bin gii, nht l cc bn lng st bin gii  gp phn tham gia bo v bin gii. Trch nhim ca cc a phng, cc cp, cc ngnh trong ni a l thc hin tt cc ch trng, ng li, chnh sch ca ng, Nh nc tch cc tham gia ng gp ngn sch nh nc; ch ng, tch cc tham gia cc cuc vn ng xy dng bin gii vng mnh,  l s th hin trch nhim tham gia bo v bin gii quc gia ca T quc. c) Xy dng lc lng chuyn trch, nng ct (B i Bin phng) vng mnh; t chc ch huy thng nht t Trung ng n n v c s Ngay sau ngy min Bc hon ton gii phng, ng v Nh nc ta  t chc lc lng chuyn trch bo v bin gii. Ngy 19/11/1958, B Chnh tr  ra Ngh quyt s 58/NQ-TW v xy dng lc lng Cnh v ni a v bin cng. B Chnh tr quyt nh: " Thng nht cc n v b i quc phng ang lm cng tc bo v ni a, bo v bin gii, b b, gii tuyn v cc lc lng Cng an vi trang, xy dng thnh mt lc lng vi trang ca ng v Nh nc chuyn trch lm cng tc bo v ni a v bin phng giao cho ngnh cng an trc tip ch o, ly tn l lc lng cnh v"1 (nay l B i Bin phng). Trc yu cu v nhim v cng tc bin phng trong tnh hnh mi, ngy 8/8/1995, B Chnh tr Trung ng ng Cng sn Vit Nam c Ngh quyt s 11/NQ-TW v xy dng B i Bin phng trong tnh hnh mi, tip tc xc nh: "B i Bin phng l lc lng nng ct trong cc lc lng bo v, qun l, gi gn an ninh trt t bin gii ca T quc, l lc lng thnh vin ca cc khu vc phng th tnh, huyn bin gii. B i Bin phng cn c xy dng vng mnh theo phng hng cch mng, chnh quy, tinh nhu, tng bc hin i, c cht lng cao, s lng ph hp, t chc hp l, chc nng, nhim v r rng". y l s quan tm ca ng i vi lc lng chuyn trch qun l bo v bin gii trong thi k mi, thc hin chnh sch a phng ho, a dng ho y mnh cng nghip ho, hin i ho nhm xy dng v pht trin t nc. 3. Thc trng cng tc qun l, bo v ch quyn an ninh bin gii quc gia a) Bin gii t lin Bin gii Vit Nam - Trung Quc; Theo lch s, bin gii pha Bc Vit Nam c hnh thnh t thi Nh nc Vn Lang u Lc - nh nc u tin ca Vit Nam nhng ng bin gii cha c xc nh r rng. Sau khi Php xm lc Vit Nam, ngy 26/6/1887 Chnh ph Php v Triu nh Mn Thanh k Cng c hoch nh bin gii Php - Thanh v n 20/6/1895 hai bn k Cng c b sung, vic phn gii, cm mc quc gii trn thc a din ra t thng 11/1889 n thng 6/1897 hon thnh, tng s 314 mc. Sau khi cch mng hai nc thnh cng, nm 1954, hai nc Vit Nam v Trung Quc tho thun gi nguyn trng ng bin gii do lch s li. Tuy nhin, trn thc a, cc hot ng ln chim bin gii ca Trung Quc ngy cng gia tng. n nm 1976-1977, h ln chim 129 khu vc khong 7.625,5ha ca ta, trong nhiu ni c gi tr quc phng v kinh t. Nhng cng thng do pha Trung Quc to ra ngy cng nghim trng v dn n chin tranh bin gii 1979, pha Trung Quc chim gi nhiu im trn t ta, ng thi cho qun p st bin gii v tng cng xm ln lnh th Vit Nam, lm cng thng trn bin gii. Nm 1991 hai nc bnh thng ha quan h. 07/11/1991 hai nc k Hip nh tm thi v vic gii quyt cng vic bin gii hai nc. Sau nhiu vng m phn, n 30/12/1999 hai nc k Hip c Bin gii trn t lin c Quc hi hai nc ph chun v trao i th ph chun. T nm 2000, hai nc tin hnh cng tc phn gii cm mc ti thc a. n ngy 31/12/2008, c bn hon thnh cng tc phn gii cm mc trn bin gii t lin Vit Nam - Trung Quc v n ngy 19/8/2009 hai bn hon thnh ton b cng tc phn gii cm mc trn thc a. Ngy 18/11/2009, i din Chnh ph hai nc k 3 vn kin php l: Ngh nh th phn gii cm mc; Hip nh v quy ch qun l bin gii; Hip nh v ca khu v Quy ch qun l ca khu bin gii trn t lin Vit Nam - Trung Quc. Ba vn kin trn c hiu lc thc hin t ngy 14/7/2010. Hai bn thnh lp 8 ban i din bin gii trn 7 tnh pha Bc, giao cho B i Bin phng lm Trng i din. Nh vy, k t ngy 14/7/2010 hai bn thc hin qun l, bo v bin gii trn c s ng bin gii mi c xc nh theo Ngh nh th phn gii cm mc nh km Hip c 1999. Theo Ngh nh th phn gii cm mc, ng bin gii trn t lin Vit Nam - Trung Quc l 1.449,556km, trong bin gii t lin l 1.065,652km, ng bin gii nc l 383,914km. Hai bn thit k v cm tt c 1.780 v tr mc gii, gm 1.378 v tr mc gii chnh v 402 v tr mc gii ph. Trong tng s v tr mc gii chnh c 1.244 mc n, 98 mc i cng s v 36 mc 3 cng s. Trong tng s v tr mc gii ph c 383 mc ph n, 18 mc ph i cng s v 1 mc ph ba cng s. Hai bn phn gii xc nh s quy thuc 175 cn, bi trn sng sui bin gii. Vi kt qu hoch nh bin gii v phn gii cm mc trn, tuyn bin gii Vit Nam - Trung Quc c mt ng bin gii r rng vi mt h thng mc gii dy v hon chnh l c s php l lc lng bo v bin gii hai nc qun l, bo v. Nhng tnh hnh bin gii lnh th v an ninh trt t vn din ra phc tp. Tnh hnh ch quyn bin gii v an ninh, trt t  khu vc bin gii: T sau khi hai nc tuyn b hon thnh cng tc phn gii trn thc a n nay, ngoi bin Trung Quc tip tc thc hin ch trng chnh sch bin mu khu vc bin gii nh: thc y bun bn chnh ngch hai bn bin gii, khuyn khch xy dng v pht trin cc khu kinh t ti khu vc bin gii; thc y bun lu qua bin gii bng hnh thc y hng cht lng thp, qu hn, li mt gi r xm nhp vo nc ta. Thc hin c ch thu iu chnh hot ng thng mi, xut nhp khu ti mt s ca khu. Khuyn khch a dn ra c tr gn bin gii; h tr sn xut v nh cho c dn bin gii; h tr cho ngi tham gia chin tranh bin gii 2/1979 l nguy c gy ra cc hot ng xm canh, xm c, xm tng, khai thc trm ti nguyn khu vc bin gii ca ta. V qun l bin gii: u tin thc hin lm ng tun tra bin gii, nng cp ng ra ca khu, khu thng mi, th trn, th x gip bin gii, trng rng st bin gii. Khi hai nc tuyn b kt thc phn gii cm mc th Trung Quc u t kinh ph cho cc a phng xy dng mi, sa cha k bo v b sng, sui bin gii gy xi l b sng bn t ta v bo v mc gii; cc cng trnh ca pha Trung Quc u thc hin a mc tiu: qun l bo v bin gii, pht trin kinh t thng mi, to cnh quan, bo v mi trng, phc v du lch, dch v khu vc bin gii ... Tng cng cc bin php tun tra qun l, bo v bin gii ti cc khu vc trng im. Ch trng, chnh sch ca Trung Quc  khu vc bin gii l: tng cng u t pht trin kinh t, vn ho, x hi, kt hp vi bo v bin gii, ng thi thu ht dn v cc doanh nghip Vit Nam sang lm n bun bn; y mnh giao lu vn ho vi cc tnh bin gii ca Vit Nam qung b nn vn ho, du lch Trung Quc. Nhn chung, tnh hnh ch quyn lnh th trn bin gii Vit - Trung n nh. Tuy nhin, v vic vi phm ca pha Trung Quc vn din ra ti mt s khu vc cha c bn gii quyt dt im. Hot ng ca cc loi ti phm an ninh chnh tr, ti phm hnh s: bun bn, vn chuyn, tng tr cht ma ty, tin gi, bun bn ngi, bun lu, gian ln thng mi... c bc, mi dm, chng ngi thi hnh cng v... din ra phc tp c v s lng v vic, s lng i tng tham gia, tnh cht v vic ngy cng nghim trng nh hng ln n cng tc qun l, bo v ch quyn an ninh bin gii ca ta. * Bin gii Vit Nam - Lo Cng vi hng nghn nm hnh thnh lnh th Vit Nam, bin gii Vit Nam - Lo cng dn dn c hnh thnh. Thi k Php thuc, chnh ph Php n phng phn ranh gii cc x  d cai tr nn bin gii khng c h thng mc gii. Sau khi ginh c c lp t nm 1954 - 1975, hai nc tin hnh m phn v hoch nh bin gii. Nm 1977, hai bn k Hip c hoch nh bin gii quc gia gia hai nc, nm 1978 - 1984, hai nc phn gii v cm mc trn thc a, ng bin gii di 2.067km, c xc nh 199 v tr mc v cm 214 ct mc. Do ng bin gii nhiu im phn gii cha khoa hc: nh chia ct lng, bn vi khu sn xut truyn thng... nn ngy 24/1/1986 k Hip c b sung Hip c hoch nh bin gii 1977. Hin nay, hai bn ang trin khai d n tng dy, tn to h thng mc bin gii bo m chnh xc, hin i, bn vng v thng nht trn ton tuyn bin gii. D kin tng dy thm 578 mc, nng s mc ton tuyn l 792 v tr mc vi tng s mc l 826 mc. Thng 7/2008, khi cng xy dng ct mc u tin, tin  trin khai nhanh, d kin hon thnh phn gii cm mc trn thc a vo nm 2012 v k ngh nh th qun l bin gii c hiu lc t nm 2014. Nh vy, tnh hnh bin gii, lnh th trn tuyn bin gii Vit Nam - Lo  r rng. Tuy nhin hot ng xm phm ch quyn, lnh th vn xy ra; c bit tnh hnh an ninh, trt t din ra rt phc tp. Tnh hnh ch quyn bin gii v an ninh, trt t  khu vc bin gii: Trn c s tn trng c lp ch quyn ton vn lnh th; xut pht t quan h hu ngh truyn thng ca ng, Nh nc v nhn dn hai nc, lc lng bo v bin gii hai nc thng xuyn phi hp gii quyt v c bn cc v vic xy ra  bin gii trn tinh thn on kt, hu ngh nn khng c v vic c ln chin bin gii xy ra. Tuy nhin, do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau, nhng ch yu l do nhn thc lc hu ca nhn dn hai nc nn cc v vic vi phm quy ch bin gii vn din ra, ch yu l ngi Vit Nam vt bin sang Lo c tr lm n tri php; xm canh, xm c ca nhn dn hai bn bin gii... Bin gii Vit Nam - Lo l a bn trng im ca cc th lc th ch tng cng thc hin  Din bin ho bnh , bo lon lt  i vi Lo v Vit Nam. Bn phn ng lu vong c s hu thun ca nc ngoi (M, Thi Lan...) tip tc xm nhp vo Lo v Vit Nam hot ng chng ph; chng li dng cc phn t xu trong ng bo cc dn tc (nht l ng bo Mng) khu vc bin gii t chc tuyn truyn truyn o tri php, tuyn truyn vn ho phm c hi gy chia r on kt dn tc hai bn bin gii v tnh hu ngh c bit Vit Nam - Lo. Di c dch c t do tip tc din bin phc tp, thng qua cc t chc phn ng li ko, d d, m hoc qun chng, tp hp lc lng  xng vua ,  n vua , ni ph nu ta khng gii quyt tt chng s dng  ngn c ku gi nc ngoi can thip bng chnh tr, qun s nhm lt  ch  x hi ch ngh)a  Vit Nam, gy nh hng xu n an ninh trt t khu vc bin gii trong thi gian qua. Ph Lo tng cng hot ng, pha bn Lo thng xuyn truy qut ph cc tnh bin gii tip gip vi Vit Nam, chng co cm tip tc hot ng. Do vy, cn tim n nhiu yu t phc tp, bt ng, gy nh hng n cng tc bo v bin gii ca ta. Hot ng bun lu, bun bn hng cm, c bit bun bn vn chuyn ma tu t Lo v Vit Nam din bin ngy cng phc tp trn ton tuyn vi chiu hng tng c v i tng v s lng. * Bin gii Vit Nam - Campuchia ng bin gii Vit Nam - Campuchia c nh hnh t trc nm 1824. Sau khi Chnh ph Php v Vua Campuchia  k cc vn bn php l hoch nh bin gii Vit Nam - Campuchia. Cn c vo cc ti liu lch s ng bin gii Vit Nam - Campuchia chia thnh 2 on vi nhng c s php l, k thut v thc t hoch nh khc nhau. on bin gii Nam k vi Campuchia (t H Tin n Bnh Phc) c xc nh bng Tha c k 09/7/1870 v Cng c 15/7/1873 gia Thng c Nam k v Quc vng Campuchia; on bin gii ny c nh du bng h thng 146 mc. on bin gii gia Trung k v Campuchia (t c Nng n Kon Tum): ch quy nh ranh gii hai x ng Dng thuc Php do ton quyn ng Dng k ngy 30/3/1933. on bin gii ny c th hin trn cc bn  c t l khc nhau nn rt phc tp. Sau khi gii phng min Nam thng nht t nc, Chnh ph ta tha thun vi Chnh ph Campuchia k Hip c hoch nh bin gii t lin ngy 27/12/1985; thng nht phn gii 1.137km v d kin cm 322 mc; nhng mi cm c 72 mc, pha Campuchia vin l do k thut dng li. Sau gn 20 nm gin on, nm 2005, hai nc k Hip c b sung Hip c hoch nh bin gii t lin nm 1985. Vic k Hip c b sung Hip c hoch nh bin gii t lin Vit Nam - Campuchia c ngha quan trng, l c s php l xy dng mt ng bin gii n nh, ha bnh, hu ngh, hp tc v pht trin. Trong Hip c b sung, hai bn tha thun gii quyt 6/7 im m bn ngh xem xt. Ring khu vc Buprng (c Nng), hai bn tip tc trao i. Hai bn tha thun phn gii ton b ng bin gii v d kin xy dng 372 mc, ng thi tha thun hon thnh xy dng cc vn kin php l trc cui nm 2012. Do pha bn c nhng ng phi i lp c quan im tri ngc nn tin trnh phn gii cm mc chm, vn  ch quyn lnh th c ng phi cn cha cng nhn; tnh hnh an ninh, trt t  khu vc bin gii phc tp,  l nhng kh khn c bn ca cng tc qun l, bo v bin gii ca ta trong thi gian ti. Tnh hnh ch quyn lnh th v an ninh, trt t: Cc ng phi i lp  Campuchia khng cng nhn ng bin gii Hip c  v ang phn gii cm mc trn thc a v chng khng nh lnh th ca Campuchia gm 6 tnh Ty Nam b ca Vit Nam. Ch ngh)a  quc v cc th lc th ch tuyn truyn chia r, kch ng ch ngh)a dn tc cc oan, li dng vn  dn tc, bin gii, Vit kiu  gy tm l chng Vit Nam lm cho tnh hnh bin gii tim n nhiu yu t phc tp, mt n nh; hot ng i li t ai v quyn t tr ca Khmer Crm; hot ng tranh chp, ln chim, xm canh, xm c; hot ng chng i ca bn phn ng li dng tn gio; tn st, khng b, xua ui Vit kiu; bun lu, trn cp vi trang v cc loi ti phm khc. Cc nhm, hi Khme Crm ti Campuchia li dng cc din n quc t t co Vit Nam vi phm dn ch, nhn quyn, n p tn gio, phn bit i x khng tt vi ngi Khme Nam B; 10 t chc Khme Crm Campuchia gi th ln Tng th k Lin Hp quc t co Vit Nam n p ngi Khme Nam B; tranh th s ng h ca cc t chc phn ng, vn chuyn ti liu vo vng c ng ngi Khme Nam B (Tr Vinh, Sc Trng, An Giang) li ko kch ng ng bo khiu kin, gy ri, biu tnh to im nng, nh hng n trt t x hi trn a bn cc tnh Ty Nam B (Sc Trng v An Giang). Vi phm Hip nh Quy ch bin gii: Chnh ph Campuchia tng cng hp tc quc t (ch yu l cc cng ty ca Trung Quc) u t cc d n nh: khai thc khong sn, trng cy lm nghip, ng giao thng i din Ty Nguyn. Hin c gn 30 cng ty ca Trung Quc u t khai khong v trng cao su, s dng ton b phng tin, my mc v nhn cng ca Trung Quc. Cc quan chc ca Campuchia tng cng mua t u t pht trin cc khu vui chi gii tr, nh hng, khch sn, casino, trng g dc bin gii (nht l cc ca khu) nn vi phm hip nh, tha thun v bin gii gia tng. Hot ng ca cc loi ti phm: bun bn vn chuyn cht ma ty, bun ngi, bun lu... ti phm hnh s, vt bin, c bc, mi dm din ra phc tp. b) Vng bin - o B bin nc ta di 3260km, 112 ca sng, 47 vng vnh, 53 cng bin, 78 dy o ven b vi 2779 o v 2 qun o Hong Sa, Trng Sa nh vng gc tin tiu ca T quc trn Bin ng. Vng bin v thm lc a rng khong 1 triu km c tr lng du m rt ln, c ngun hi sn phong ph, a dng vi tr lng khai thc khong 2 triu tn/nm; b bin p thoi dn, c nhiu o ven b phong cnh ngon mc. Ngoi ra, vng bin Vit Nam l ca ng ra, vo chu , l cu ni gia Thi Bnh Dng v n  Dng v nm trn ng t ca tuyn hng khng quc t& Do vng bin hp, tip gip vi vng bin ca nhiu nc trong khu vc nn d xy ra tranh chp trn bin. Trn c s tn trng c lp ch quyn, ton vn lnh th ca cc quc gia,  gii quyt r rng ch quyn vng bin vi cc nc c lin quan nhm xy dng quan h ha bnh, hu ngh, Vit Nam  v ang ch ng, tch cc m phn gii quyt cc vn c lin quan vi cc nc trong khu vc. C th: phn nh vnh Thi Lan vi Thi lan(1997); Phn nh Vnh Bc B v Hp tc ngh c vi Trung Quc (2000); phn nh thm lc a vi Indonexia (2003 c hiu lc vo 2007); Campuchia, Malayxia ang hip thng, m phn; Singapo, Brunay cha tuyn b ng c s nn xc nh c vng bin chng. Tuy nhin, tnh hnh v ch quyn v an ninh trt t trn bin vn din ra phc tp vi nhiu hot ng khc nhau ca cc quc gia, trong  ni ln l m mu c chim bin ng ca Trung Quc  bin Bin ng thnh khu vc rt nhy cm v ch quyn, quyn ch quyn, nu gii quyt khng tt s d xy ra xung t hoc chin tranh trn bin, o. m mu "c chim bin ng" ca Trung Quc khng thay i v ngy cng th hin r nt bng cc hot ng: Cng hm ngy 7/5/2009 c km bn  ng ch U (ng li b), Trung Quc  c tnh buc cng ng quc t phi tha nhn  bin ng nh mt vnh lch s , l ng bin gii quc gia trn bin ca Trung Quc. Thi gian gn y h tng cng cc hot ng xm phm quyn ch quyn vng bin Vit Nam v cc nc trong khu vc in hnh nh: ct cp thm d tu Bnh Minh 2 (ngy 26/5/2011), tu Viking II (ngy 09/6/2011) v hng lot cc v vic ngn chn hot ng bnh thng, ph hoi phng tin ca ta khi thm d, kho st, khai thc vng c quyn kinh t ca Vit Nam, tip tc a tu c v tu qun s vo hot ng ngoi khu vc ca vnh Bc B, qun o Hong Sa v Trng Sa, bt chp s phn i v nhng hot ng ngn chn, xua ui ca ta. Tu c Trung Quc vi h tr ca nhiu tu Ng chnh (ci tin t tu qun s) v tu qun s hot ng nhiu trong cc khu vc l du kh 113 uy hip hoc e da cc cng ty nc ngoi ang hp ng thm d du kh vi ta Bin ng nhm tng bc khng nh ch quyn vng bin v l ca h theo ng li bߔ trn Bin ng. Trc mt, Trung Quc yu cu v thc p ta v cc nc trong khu vc chp nhn "gc tranh chp, cng khai thc" bin ng. Lu l cng nhau khai thc y l khai thc trn vng bin Vit Nam hoc cc nc khc ch khng phi vng bin Trung Quc; h bin vng bin ca Vit Nam thnh vng tranh chp thc hin m mu trn. V hai qun o Hong Sa v Trng Sa: Vit Nam thc hin ch quyn ca mnh i vi hai qun o ny t th k XVI - bn B v ch quyn ca Vit Nam, trong c 2 qun o ny v trong cc ti liu ca nc ngoi th k XVII - XVIII cng m t ch quyn ca Vit Nam hai qun o ny. Nhng t nm 1956, Trung Quc li dng s xo trn chnh tr (Php rt khi ng Dng) dng v lc chim nhm o pha ng v nm 1974, li dng ngu quyn Si Gn b ta tn cng chun b gii phng min Nam, Trung Quc xm chim nt nhm o pha Ty ca qun o Hong Sa. Nm 1988, Trung Quc em qun nh chim 6 bi ngm thuc qun o Trng Sa ca Vit Nam. Hin nay, trn qun o Trng Sa, Vit Nam ang thc hin ch quyn trn 21 o, gm 9 o ni v 12 o chm; Trung Quc chim gi 8 im v 1 bi ngm; Malaixia chim gi 7 im; Philippin chim gi 9 im; i Loan chim gi 1 o v 1 bi . Quan im ca cc nc i Loan, Philippin, Malayxia mong mun gii quyt ho bnh v c phn trn qun o Trng Sa. Trung Quc cng khai tuyn truyn mong mun gii quyt ho bnh, nhng thc cht ang toan tnh cc m mu c chim ton b qun o Trng Sa v Hong Sa ca Vit Nam.V vy, tnh hnh tranh chp ch quyn trn bin, o rt phc tp, tim n nguy c v xung t. II. NHNG VN  C BN V QUN L, BO V CH QUYN AN NINH BIN GII QUC GIA 1. Mc tiu, nguyn tc qun l, bo v bin gii quc gia a) Mc tiu qun l, bo v bin gii quc gia Lut Bin gii quc gia nm 2003 xc nh:  Xy dng bin gii ha bnh, hu ngh, n nh lu di vi cc nc lng ging . Nh vy  n nh lu di bin gii quc gia l mc tiu tng qut th hin truyn thng, nguyn vng ca dn tc v ch trng ng li ca ng, Nh nc trong s nghip xy dng v bo v T quc ni chung, s nghip xy dng v bo v bin gii quc gia ni ring. Xy dng bin gii ha bnh, hu ngh, n nh lu di c da trn c s tn trng c lp ch quyn, ton vn lnh th ca nhau, gii quyt ng n, dt im, c tnh, c l cc vn  v ch quyn bin gii, bin - o v cc li ch quc gia. Xy dng bin gii ha bnh, hu ngh, n nh lu di nhm y li nguy c xung t, chin tranh bin gii, to mi trng quc t n nh  tp trung thc hin tt mc tiu xy dng v bo v T quc. Xy dng bin gii ha bnh, hu ngh l iu kin thun li  hi nhp quc t v mi mt,  xy dng tim lc quc gia. Ni dung n nh lu di bin gii quc gia bao gm: n nh lu di v bin gii, lnh th l gi vng ton vn c lp, ch quyn lnh th, quyn ch quyn, quyn ti phn trn cc vng bin ca T quc; hip thng, m phn, gii quyt dt im cc v vic lin quan n bin gii, lnh th xy ra trn bin gii, bin - o. n nh chnh tr, kinh t, x hi, quc phng, an ninh khu vc bin gii, bin - o Xy dng khu vc bin gii vng mnh v mi mt: chnh tr n nh, nhn dn tin ng, chp hnh tt php lut Nh nc; an ninh, quc phng c gi vng; i sng vt cht, tinh thn, trnh dn tr c nng cao nhn dn yn tm lm n, sn xut st bin gii, xy dng qu hng. n nh quan h i ngoi Trn c s tn trng c lp ch quyn, ton vn lnh th ca nhau, tng cng quan h i ngoi nh nc, i ngoi bin phng, i ngoi a phng v i ngoi nhn dn vi cc nc c chung ng bin gii. Gii quyt cc vn v bin gii trn c s phng php ha bnh. Hp tc quc t trong u tranh phng chng ti phm. Hp tc quc t v kinh t, vn ha, chnh tr, quc phng, an ninh tng s tin cy, hiu bit ln nhau v pht huy sc mnh quc t thc hin mc tiu xy dng v bo v T quc. b) Nguyn tc qun l, bo v ch quyn bin gii quc gia Qun l, bo v bin gii quc gia phi t di s lnh o ca ng, Nh nc qun l tp trung thng nht, phn cp cho chnh quyn a phng, kt hp cht ch gia Trung ng v a phng. Qun l, bo v bin gii quc gia lin quan n ch quyn ton vn lnh th, n chnh sch i ni, i ngoi, kinh t, quc phng, an ninh nn phi t di s lnh o ca ng m bo s thng nht t Trung ng n a phng, gia cc cp, cc ngnh v trn ton tuyn bin gii  xy dng bin gii vng mnh ton din, ho bnh, hu ngh pht trin vi cc nc lng ging, tng cng kh nng quc phng, an ninh bo v c lp ch quyn ton vn lnh th, an ninh bin gii. Nh nc l ch s hu v lnh th quc gia, l c quan quyn lc cao nht quyt nh cc vn  v bin gii quc gia, qun l, bo v bin gii quc gia. Nh nc qun l, bo v bin gii quc gia bng h thng php lut trn tt c cc l)nh vc, thng nht trong phm vi c nc.  thc thi qun l, bo v bin gii Nh nc t chc lc lng chuyn trch (B i Bin phng) lm nng ct  qun l, bo v bin gii theo quy nh ca php lut. Mt khc  tng cng trch nhim, hiu qu qun l, bo v bin gii ca chnh quyn a phng cc cp, Nh nc phn cp trch nhim, quyn hn qun l, bo v bin gii cho chnh quyn a phng kt hp gia Trung ng vi a phng, khc phc tnh trng thiu trnh nhim, bung lng qun l, tu tin, s h km hiu qu, cc b a phng, tiu cc, phin h, tu tin t ra cc quy nh tri vi php lut ca Nh nc v qun l bin gii gy tn hi n an ninh quc gia, li ch kinh t v trt t an ton x hi, gy kh khn cn tr cho cc hot ng qun l, bo v bin gii ca cc ngnh, cc lc lng. Qun l, bo v bin gii phi da vo nhn dn, pht huy sc mnh tng hp ca c nc v vai tr lm tham mu ca lc lng chuyn trch, nng ct, kt hp cht ch gia xy dng vi qun l, bo v bin gii Cng tc qun l, bo v bin gii cing nh mi cng tc cch mng khc, u phi da vo nhn dn, ly dn lm gc. a bn bin gii l ni c nhiu kh khn phc tp, l ni c tr ca hu ht ng bo cc dn tc thiu s (40/54 dn tc). Do kinh t chm pht trin, i sng ca ng bo cc dn tc cn nhiu kh khn, trnh  dn tr thp km, nhiu tp qun lc hu, nn d b k ch v cc phn t xu li dng, mua chuc, s dng vo cc hot ng chng ph ta, gy mt an ninh, n nh trn khu vc bin gii. C s chnh quyn ca cc x, bn gip bin gii cn nhiu hn ch, yu, km, nn nng lc, hiu qu qun l ca chnh quyn c s cha p ng c yu cu, nhim v qun l an ninh trt t trn a bn bin gii thuc phm vi qun l ca a phng. V vy, mun da vo nhn dn  qun l, bo v bin gii, Nh nc phi c chnh sch u tin u t pht trin kinh t - x hi  a bn bin gii, chm lo i sng vt cht, tinh thn ca ng bo cc dn tc. Tng cng cng tc tuyn truyn gio dc ng li chnh sch ca ng, php lut ca Nh nc cho ng bo cc dn tc, nng cao thc cnh gic cho nhn dn, trn c s  t chc, hng dn nhn dn tham gia qun l, bo v bin gii, gip  B i Bin phng v cc c quan chc nng khc hon thnh nhim v qun l, bo v bin gii. B i Bin phng l lc lng chuyn trch phi lm nng ct tham mu v cng tc bin phng cho ng, Chnh ph, B Quc phng v cp u, chnh quyn a phng cc tnh bin gii, nhm pht huy sc mnh tng hp ca cc lc lng, cc ngnh, cc cp, sc mnh ca c h thng chnh tr; sc mnh ca chnh tr, tinh thn, kinh t, quc phng, an ninh, sc mnh ca c nc, ca tuyn trc v tuyn sau, sc mnh i on kt dn tc vo nhim v qun l, bo v bin gii. Phi kt hp cht ch gia xy dng bin gii vng mnh ton din vi nhim v qun l, bo v vng chc ch quyn an ninh bin gii quc gia. Qun l, bo v ch quyn an ninh bin gii phi gn lin vi bo v an ninh quc gia, an ninh kinh t, trt t an ton x hi, bo v li ch quc gia, ti nguyn, mi trng. y l nguyn tc quan trng trong qun l, bo v bin gii quc gia, l c s  xc nh nhim v cho lc lng B i Bin phng ng chn trn a bn khu vc bin gii. Khu vc bin gii l a bn trng im v vi phm ch quyn lnh th; an ninh, trt t; xm hi li ch ti nguyn... c bit hin nay, cc th lc th ch ang y mnh "Din bin ha bnh", bo lon lt  ch  x hi ch ngh)a, s lnh o ca ng Cng sn Vit Nam; vn  dn tc, tn gio, ly khai, t tr... ang din bin phc tp. ng thi mt tri ca ton cu ha ang gy tc hi tn ph mi trng, lm cn kit ti nguyn; xm nhp ca "bin gii mm" ang e da c lp ch quyn nc ta. V vy, cng tc qun l, bo v bin gii, ch quyn lnh th phi gn lin vi bo v an ninh quc gia, an ninh kinh t, trt t an ton x hi... S gn kt gia cc mi quan h  tn ti thng nht, hu c trong mt nh nc c lp, c ch quyn, do ng Cng sn Vit Nam lnh o. S kt hp cht ch gia cc ni dung  l mt tt yu lch s trong thi i ngy nay. Pht huy u th chnh tr, tinh thn, da vo sc mnh on kt dn tc; kt hp tc chin vi ch vn; qun l hnh chnh, php lut vi tuyn truyn thuyt phc Bin gii quc gia l thing ling, bt kh xm phm. Cn phi gio dc, ng vin tinh thn yu nc, xy dng, gi vng khi on kt dn tc, gn b mu tht gi cc lc lng vi trang vi nhn dn cc dn tc trn bin gii nhm pht huy cao  u th v chnh tr, tinh thn, nu cao ch ngh)a yu nc  to nn sc mnh tng hp ca qun, dn khu vc bin gii trong chin tranh nhn dn,  ly nh thng ln, ly yu nh mnh , vi kh nng qun s, trang b ca mnh m bo nh chc thng, bo v dn, gi vng ch quyn lnh th bin gii quc gia trong mi tnh hung. Kt hp cht ch gia qun l bng hnh chnh, php lut, cng ch vi tuyn truyn thuyt phc, lm cho mi ngi c thc t gic thy r ngh)a v, quyn li v trch nhim chp hnh php lut, tham gia bo v bin gii, ng thi phi cng ch x l nghim nhng k c tnh vi phm php lut v bin gii quc gia . 2. Ni dung qun l, bo v ch quyn bin gii quc gia. a) Qun l, bo v ch quyn bin gii quc gia Bin gii quc gia l thing ling, bt kh xm phm. Qun l, bo v bin gii quc gia l nhim v ca ton ng, ton dn, ton qun, ca Nh nc v cc on th. Qun l, bo v h thng ct mc, du hiu ng bin gii trn t lin; ch quyn bin gii trn bin, quyn ch quyn v quyn ti phn trn cc vng bin Vit Nam. Qun l, bo v bin gii trong lng t, bin gii khng phn ca T quc. Qun l, bo v ch quyn ton vn i vi lnh th, bin gii, vng bin - o ca T quc. Kin quyt u trang ngn chn v lm tht bi cc hnh vi xm hi ch quyn ton vn lnh th, ch quyn bin gii, bin - o ca T quc. b) Qun l, bo v an ninh chnh tr, trt t an ton x hi trn khu vc bin gii Qun l, bo v ch quyn bin gii gn lin vi qun l, bo v an ninh chnh tr, trt t an ton x hi trn khu vc bin gii; B i Bin phng phi hp cc lc lng, cc bin php nghip v an ninh bin phng, cnh st, u tranh chng bn tnh bo, gin ip, phn ng, bn ni gin, bn bin cht thoi ho, bn c hi, xt li; hot ng chng ph cch mng, cu kt vi k ch bn ngoi gy bo lon lt , lm mt n nh chnh tr; u tranh chng cc loi ti phm, gi vng trt t an ton x hi; ng thi phi tng cng sc mnh quc phng, kh nng sn sng chin u ca cc lc lng vi trang nhn dn nh thng chin tranh xm lc, xung t vi trang, can thip qun s kt hp bo lon lt  gi vng n nh bin gii, bo v ng, bo v chnh quyn, bo v nhn dn. Kt hp cht ch gia an ninh bin phng vi an ninh ni a, nm chc tnh hnh ngoi bin, tnh hnh khu vc bin gii v tnh hnh an ninh ni a, qun l chc i tng, a bn, cc di bin ng trn a bn bin gii, phi hp gia tnh bo bin phng vi phn gin, trinh st k thut vi iu tra hnh s, gia ni bin vi ngoi bin, gia bin gii vi ni a  ch ng nm nh ch, tn cng ti phm, gi vng an ninh chnh tr v trt t an ton x hi trn a bn bin gii, ng thi kt hp cht ch gia quc phng - an ninh trong bo v bin gii. c) Qun l, bo v ti nguyn, mi trng v li ch quc gia trn khu vc bin gii v vng bin quc gia Ti nguyn, mi trng li ch quc gia lun gn lin vi ch quyn quc gia. B i Bin phng kt hp cht ch vi cc c quan tin hnh cc hot ng tun tra, kim sot, iu tra nm tnh hnh  pht hin, ngn chn, bt gi, x l cc vi phm v ti nguyn, mi trng li ch quc gia nh bo v rng, bo v ngun li thu sn, ngun nc, nguyn liu, ng vt hoang d qu him, qung, m...chng thi cht c hi gy nhim mi trng, ngun nc trn cc sng sui bin gii, vng bin quc gia ... Tng cng tun tra kim sot, qun l, bo v v u tranh vi cc hot ng xm phm ch quyn, quyn ch quyn li ch quc gia trn cc vng bin: vng c quyn kinh t, thm lc a& ca Vit Nam theo Lut Bin quc t 1982. d) Qun l, bo v cng trnh quc phng trn khu vc bin gii, cc cng trnh bo v bin gii  ch ng i ph chin tranh xm lc, xung t vi trang trn bin gii, cc cng trnh chin u, phng th v cng trnh phc v chin u, cng trnh phng trnh c xy dng t thi bnh; cc cng trnh bo v bin gii, cng trnh c nh ng bin gii  gi vng n nh bin gii quc gia. Cc cng trnh quc phng trn khu vc bin gii c v tr quan trng trong nhim v phng th bo v vng chc ch quyn bin gii. B i Bin phng l thnh vin trong khu vc phng th tnh bin gii, l lc lng chuyn trch, nng ct trong qun l, bo v ch quyn bin gii. Do , phi kt hp cht ch qun l a bn khu vc bin gii, qun l bo v ng bin, ct mc vi bo v cc cng trnh quc phng trn bin gii  tng thm tim lc quc phng trong phng th, bo v bin gii. ) Qun l, bo v vic thc thi php lut, quy ch bin gii v cc iu c quc t v bin gii  tng cng hiu lc qun l nh nc i vi bin gii quc gia, Nh nc ban hnh cc vn bn quy phm php lut v bin gii, vng bin, khu vc bin gii; k kt cc hip nh v quy ch bin gii vi cc nc lng ging v cc iu c quc t v bin gii.  duy tr vic thc hin cc vn bn php lut , Nh nc giao cho B i Bin phng l c quan thc hin chc nng qun l nh nc v bin gii quc gia ch tr v phi hp vi cc lc lng duy tr vic chp hnh php lut v bin gii, quy ch bin gii, cc hip nh v quy ch bin gii v iu c quc t v bin gii  gi vng ch quyn, an ninh bin gii, li ch quc gia. e) Qun l xut nhp bin, xut nhp cnh, qu cnh ti cc ca khu bin gii v cc ca khu cng bin Qun l xut nhp bin, xut nhp cnh, qu cnh ti cc ca khu ng b, ng st, cng bin l mt nhim v quan trng ca B i Bin phng trong qun l, bo v ch quyn, an ninh bin gii. Trn c s cc vn bn quy phm php lut v xut, nhp cnh Nh nc giao nhim v cho cc lc lng chc nng duy tr nghim hot ng xut, nhp cnh: Cng an qun l nh nc v xut nhp cnh  cc cng hng khng; B i Bin phng qun l nh nc v xut nhp cnh  bin gii t lin v cc cng bin; Hi quan qun l nh nc v xut nhp khu hng ho. Cn c vo chc nng, nhim v c giao, cc lc lng t chc cc hot ng lu thng bin gii ng php lut, gp phn xy dng, pht trin kinh t - x hi, gi vng n nh bin gii to mi trng thun li cho hp tc quc t v tham gia hi nhp kinh t th gii. g) Qun l hot ng i ngoi bin phng n bin phng l c quan i din cho Nh nc trn bin gii trong quan h vi lc lng bo v bin gii nc lng ging, cng phi hp bo v s n nh ca ng bin gii theo Hip c bin gii gia hai nc, phi hp u tranh chng ti phm trn a bn bin gii, hp tc gii quyt nhng vn  phc tp, tranh chp xy ra trn bin gii theo Hip nh quy ch bin gii gp phn xy dng bin gii ho bnh, hu ngh hp tc pht trin gia cc nc. Cc hot ng ca cc ban, ngnh v a phng trn bin gii c lin quan n nc ngoi  gii quyt nhng vn  c lin quan n bin gii, hip nh quy ch bin gii phi thng qua n bin phng  quan h vi lc lng bo v bin gii ca nc lng ging v ngc li, a phng bin gii v lc lng bo v bin gii nc lng ging mun quan h vi Vit Nam  gii quyt cc vn  c lin quan n bin gii phi thng qua n bin phng ca Vit Nam (c quan i din cho Nh nc Cng ho x hi ch ngh)a Vit Nam trn bin gii) nh gp g, thm thn, phn khng, hi m... gia cc a phng 2 bn bin gii, hp thng nin theo nh k, hoc gii quyt v vic t xut c lin quan n bin gii u phi thng qua n bin phng  quan h tip nhn hoc trao tr nhng ngi vi phm hip nh quy ch bin gii b bt gi. n bin phng l c quan qun l thng nht cc hot ng i ngoi bin phng  gii quyt cc vn  phc tp xy ra trn khu vc bin gii gia 2 nc theo quy nh phn cp ca Chnh ph. 3. Trch nhim thc hin nhim v qun l Nh nc v bin gii quc gia a) i vi Chnh ph Chnh ph thng nht qun l nh nc v bin gii quc gia; quy nh nhim v, quyn hn, phm vi trch nhim phi hp gia cc b, c quan ngang b, u ban nhn dn tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng ni c bin gii quc gia thc hin qun l nh nc v bin gii quc gia. b) B Quc phng Ch tr phi hp vi B Ngoi giao, B Cng an chu trch nhim trc Chnh ph phi hp vi cc b, cc ngnh ngang b, cc c quan Chnh ph, hng dn ch o u ban nhn dn cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng thc hin qun l nh nc v bin gii quc gia. Phi hp vi B Ngoi giao bo co,  xut Chnh ph nhng yu cu ni dung m phn gii quyt cc vn  v bin gii, lnh th vi cc nc. Ch tr phi hp vi cc b, ngnh c lin quan nghin cu,  xut xy dng chin lc v bin gii, chin lc v bin, bo co Chnh ph quyt nh v hng dn, ch o t chc thc hin. Ch tr phi hp vi cc b, ngnh c lin quan t chc son tho vn bn quy phm php lut v bin gii trnh cp c thm quyn ban hnh v ban hnh vn bn thc hin. Ch o cc lc lng thuc quyn m nng ct l B i Bin phng ch tr phi hp cc lc lng thc hin cc quy nh ca Quy ch khu vc bin gii t lin v khu vc bin gii bin. T chc o to hoc phi hp vi cc b, ngnh o to, bi dng nng cao trnh  chuyn mn, nghip v v qun l, bo v bin gii; duy tr an ninh, trt t an ton x hi  khu vc bin gii cho lc lng chuyn trch qun l, bo v bin gii quc gia. Nghin cu, ng dng khoa hc v cng ngh phc v qun l, bo v bin gii quc gia.  xut Chnh ph ch o xy dng cc cng trnh  c nh ng bin gii quc gia, cng trnh phc v hot ng qun l, bo v bin gii quc gia; u t kinh ph, trang b phng tin k thut cho cc lc lng qun l, bo v bin gii quc gia. T chc s kt, tng kt cng tc qun l, bo v bin gii quc gia, gi gn an ninh, trt t, an ton x hi trong khu vc bin gii v thc hin ch  bo co Chnh ph theo quy nh. Tuyn truyn, ph bin gio dc php lut v bin gii quc gia; t chc kim tra, thanh tra vic thc hin php lut v qun l bo v bin gii quc gia. Hp tc quc t v cng tc bin phng v tin hnh cng tc i ngoi bin phng  phi hp qun l, bo v bin gii quc gia, xy dng bin gii ho bnh, hu ngh vi cc nc lng ging. c) B Ngoi giao Nghin cu, tng hp nh gi tnh hnh qun l bin gii, lnh th quc gia Vit Nam (vng t, vng nc, vng tri);  xut ch trng chnh sch v cc bin php qun l thch hp. Gip Chnh ph xc nh bin gii quc gia, xc nh phm vi ch quyn v cc quyn ca nc ta trn t lin, trn bin, trn khng, cc hi o v thm lc a ca Vit Nam. Ch tr son tho cc phng n hoch nh bin gii quc gia; xc nh ranh gii vng c quyn kinh t v thm lc a ca Vit Nam vi cc nc lng ging lin quan. Ch o, hng dn t chc thc hin v yu cu cc ngnh, cc a phng lin quan bo co nh k hoc t xut v cng tc qun l bin gii; phn gii v cm mc quc gii trn c s cc iu c quc t v hoch nh bin gii quc gia c k kt gia nc Cng ho x hi ch ngh)a Vit Nam vi cc nc lng ging. Trnh Th tng Chnh ph x l hoc hng dn x l theo thm quyn cc vn  pht sinh trong hot ng ca cc ngnh, cc a phng lin quan n ch quyn v cc quyn ca nc Cng ho x hi ch ngh)a Vit Nam trn t lin, trn bin, trn khng, cc hi o v thm lc a. Phi hp vi B Quc phng o to, bi dng, hng dn B i Bin phng v php lut, iu c quc t v qun l, bo v bin gii quc gia, nghip v i ngoi v gii quyt v vic lin quan n hai bn bin gii v ngi nc ngoi. d) B Cng an Ch tr phi hp vi cc b, ngnh, a phng bo v an ninh quc gia, trt t, an ton x hi v phi hp vi B Quc phng ch o, hng dn B i Bin phng thc hin nhim v bo m an ninh, trt t, an ton x hi, u tranh phng, chng ti phm trong khu vc bin gii theo quy nh ca php lut. Ch tr phi hp vi cc b lin quan, son tho cc vn bn quy phm php lut  thc hin qun l nh nc v nhp cnh, xut cnh; phi hp vi B Quc phng xy dng quy ch phi hp gia qun l nh nc v thc hin kim sot v xut cnh, nhp cnh ca B i Bin phng ti cc ca khu theo quy nh ca php lut. Phi hp vi B Quc phng o to, bi dng nng cao trnh  nghip v cng tc bo v an ninh, trt t, an ton x hi cho lc lng chuyn trch qun l, bo v bin gii quc gia theo k hoch gia hai b. Ch o, hng dn cc B, ngnh, y ban nhn dn cc cp bo v an ninh khu vc bin gii, gn an ninh bin gii vi an ninh ni a. Ch tr phi hp vi B Quc phng trong vic trao i tnh hnh; thng nht ch trng ch o u tranh phng, chng cc ti phm, vi phm an ninh, trt t, an ton x hi, phi hp cht ch gia quc phng v an ninh trong khu vc bin gii. Hp tc quc t trong l)nh vc an ninh quc gia v an ninh bin gii theo quy nh ca php lut. ) Cc b, c quan ngang b, cc c quan thuc Chnh ph Cc b, c quan ngang b trong phm vi nhim v ca mnh thc hin qun l nh nc v bin gii quc gia theo quy nh ca Chnh ph. Trong phm vi nhim v ca mnh cc b, c quan ngang b c trch nhim phi hp vi B Quc phng, B Ngoi giao, B Cng an trong thc hin qun l nh nc v bin gii quc gia; ch o v hng dn thc hin nhng vn thuc chc nng v lin quan n qun l, bo v khu vc bin gii theo quy nh ca php lut. Trong cc ch trng, chnh sch, d n, k hoch u t cho xy dng, pht trin kinh t, phi thc s tp trung u t cho vng bin gii, bin o, cho ng bo cc dn tc, cho lc lng B i Bin phng v cc lc lng khc hot ng lm ngh)a v lu di  bin gii, bin, o ca T quc. e) U ban nhn dn cc cp * y ban nhn dn tnh bin gii Thc hin qun l nh nc v bin gii quc gia  a phng mnh theo s ch o ca Chnh ph, hng dn, ch o ca B Quc phng v cc b chc nng khc. Ch o cc lc lng, cc ban, ngnh a phng phi hp trong hot ng qun l, bo v an ninh, trt t, an ton x hi khu vc bin gii. Xy dng khu vc bin gii vng mnh v chnh tr, kinh t, vn ho - x hi, quc phng, an ninh; xy dng nn bin phng ton dn, th trn bin phng ton dn vng mnh trong th trn quc phng ton dn v th trn an ninh nhn dn ti a phng. Xy dng quy hoch, b tr dn c, xy dng c s h tng, sp xp li sn xut  khu vc bin gii; kt hp pht trin kinh t, vn ho - x hi vi cng c, tng cng quc phng - an ninh  khu vc bin gii. Ch o cc lc lng, cc ban, ngnh xy dng khu vc phng th tnh, thnh ph vng mnh ton din, xy dng nn bin phng ton dn vng chc, ch trng cc x, phng, huyn, th trn bin gii, bin - o. Pht ng phong tro qun chng nhn dn  a phng phi hp vi B i Bin phng  qun l, bo v bin gii quc gia; gi gn an ninh, trt t, an ton x hi v u tranh phng, chng ti phm theo quy nh ca php lut. Phi hp vi cc b, ngnh lin quan xy dng v thc hin tng d n kinh t, vn ho - x hi tng hp cho tng tiu vng v to ra s thay i b mt kinh t, x hi  khu vc bin gii; ng vin cc doanh nghip hot ng  khu vc bin gii h tr vic xy dng cc c s h tng, pht trin gio dc, y t, vn ho, x hi; vn ng, khuyn khch cc a phng  min xui kt ngh)a, lin doanh v h tr cc a phng  khu vc bin gii. T chc tuyn truyn, ph bin, gio dc php lut v bin gii quc gia. Thc hin quan h i ngoi vi chnh quyn a phng nc lng ging theo quy nh ca php lut v iu c quc t v bin gii. * U ban nhn dn cc tnh, thnh ni a (khng c bin gii) Qun trit quan im ca ng: xy dng v bo v bin gii l nhim v chung ca ton ng, ton qun, ton dn; pht huy sc mnh tng hp ca c nc i vi nhim v xy dng v bo v bin gii. Cc a phng tuyn sau c trch nhim: Hng dn, ch o cc c quan, ban, ngnh trong tnh tch cc, hng hi tham gia thc hin:  Ngy bin phng ton dn  a phng, pht huy kt qu t c to nn cc hnh thc phi hp gia cc ngnh, on th vi B i Bin phng t Trung ng n a phng, m bo cc ni dung, chng trnh hot ng ti c s, to iu kin thun li cho cc ngnh v B i Bin phng hon thnh tt nhim v trn cc tuyn bin gii. Hng nm vo dp ngy 3/3 hay cc ngy l ln, ngy tt hoc trc nhng yu cu t xut v nhim v bo v, xy dng bin gii. Cn pht ng phong tro trong cn b, cng nhn vin, nhn dn tuyn sau hng v bin gii bng mi hot ng c tinh thn v vt cht i vi ng bo, chin s bin gii. Trn c s , xy dng k hoch,  ra chng trnh hnh ng vi vic lm c th, thit thc hng v bin gii, bin - o ca T quc. g) B i Bin phng B i Bin phng c trch nhim lm tham mu cho ng, Nh nc v B Quc phng v cng tc xy dng, qun l, bo v bin gii quc gia, gi gn an ninh, trt t, an ton x hi  khu vc bin gii v xy dng lc lng B i Bin phng. B i Bin phng hot ng theo quy nh ca php lut v iu c quc t m Vit Nam k kt hoc gia nhp c lin quan n bin gii quc gia, an ninh, trt t, an ton x hi  khu vc bin gii v ti cc ca khu. Nhng vn  lin quan n xy dng, qun l, bo v bin gii quc gia, khu vc bin gii v duy tr an ninh, trt t, an ton x hi  khu vc bin gii, ca khu. B T lnh B i Bin phng c bo co, quan h trc tip vi cc c quan chc nng ca ng, Nh nc, cc b, cc ngnh lin quan, U ban nhn dn tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng  trao i gii quyt ng thi bo co B Quc phng. Ch tr, phi hp vi lc lng cng an, cc ngnh hu quan v chnh quyn a phng trong qun l, bo v bin gii quc gia, gi gn an ninh, trt t, an ton x hi trong khu vc bin gii. B i Bin phng c t chc, ch huy tp trung thng nht, b tr lc lng, phng tin hp l  qun l, bo v ch quyn bin gii quc gia, kim tra, kim sot qua li bin gii, kim sot xut nhp cnh  cc ca khu, ra vo khu vc bin gii, vnh ai bin gii, duy tr an ninh, trt t an ton x hi  khu vc bin gii v ti cc ca khu, thc hin cng tc i ngoi bin phng theo quy nh ca php lut. 4. Mt s gii php a) Tng cng s lnh o ca ng, qun l ca Nh nc, huy ng ton dn tham gia bo v bin gii Tng cng s lnh o ca ng, qun l ca Nh nc v bin gii quc gia Tng cng s lnh o tp trung, thng nht ca Trung ng ng, cc cp u ng a phng c bin gii; s qun l ca Nh nc, ca chnh quyn a phng i vi nhim v xy dng v bo v bin gii l nhn t quyt nh n nh lu di bin gii quc gia. Tng cng s lnh o ca ng i vi bin gii quc gia trc ht cn tp trung vo cc ni dung ch yu: B Chnh tr Trung ng ng trc tip lnh o, ch o cc vn  i ni, i ngoi, quan h bin gii; m phn gii quyt cc vn  bin gii, lnh th, xy dng khu vc bin gii vng mnh ton din. Cp u ng a phng c bin gii lnh o, ch o cc vn  c th thuc thm quyn a phng nh: xy dng nn bin phng ton dn, th trn bin phng ton dn v cng c h thng chnh tr c s, pht trin kinh t, vn ha - x hi, qun l bo v an ninh, trt t, chng ti phm, chng bun lu trn bin gii. Tng cng v nng cao cht lng lnh o ca cc t chc ng i vi nhim v qun l, bo v ch quyn an ninh bin gii quc gia nhm m bo kt hp cht ch th v lc tng hp gia an ninh bin gii vi an ninh quc gia; gia an ninh bin gii vi quc phng; gia an ninh bin gii vi xy dng kinh t - x hi.  tng cng s lnh o ca ng v qun l nh nc v bin gii, lnh th, bo v vng chc ch quyn an ninh bin gii trong mi iu kin, hon cnh cn phi cng c, pht huy vai tr qun l thng nht ca Nh nc i vi bin gii quc gia; quy nh nhim v ca cc b, ngnh, cc lc lng v phn cp trch nhim cho cc a phng c bin gii trong nhim v qun l, bo v bin gii, an ninh, trt t ph hp vi cc hip nh, quy ch v bin gii. Mi ch trng gii quyt v ch quyn lnh th bin gii, k kt cc hip nh vi nc ngoi lin quan n bin gii quc gia u phi do Nh nc thng nht qun l, khc phc tnh trng tu tin, lm quyn lm tn hi n li ch quc gia. ng thi, cn ch trng xy dng h thng vn bn pht lut v bin gii v cc vn bn di lut  iu chnh cc quan h trn bin gii, ng thi to hnh lang php l cho cc lc lng thc hin chc nng qun l nh nc v bin gii quc gia. Huy ng ton dn tham gia bo v bin gii K tha truyn thng qu bu ca cha ng ta trong huy ng sc dn tham gia bo v bin gii, trn c s t tng Ch ngh)a Mc-Lnin, trong nhng nm qua, ng v Nh nc ta  huy ng sc mnh tng hp khi i on kt ton dn, trong  ch yu l ng bo cc dn tc  khu vc bin gii tham gia bo v vng chc ch quyn an ninh bin gii quc gia. Trong nhng nm ti, tnh hnh bin gii, bin, o cn tim n nhiu yu t phc tp, cho nn vn  pht huy sc mnh ca qun chng nhn dn tham gia bo v bin gii quc gia phi mang tnh bn vng, c bn, lu di. Tp trung vo: + Huy ng nhn dn cc dn tc, cp u, chnh quyn a phng, cc lc lng, cc ngnh chc nng  vng bin gii, trc tip tham gia qun l, bo v bin gii quc gia, vng bin gii theo chc nng v c ch t qun i vi ng bin, ct mc, du hiu ng bn gii, lnh th ti nguyn, mi trng... theo lut php v s hng dn ca lc lng chuyn ngnh. Tch cc xy dng nn bin phng ton dn vng mnh v trc tip thc hin trch nhim chnh tr ca t chc, ngh)a v ca cng dn gn vi gi gn bo v quyn li ca dn c  vng bin gii. + Nhn dn, cc cp, cc ngnh, cc t chc chnh tr, x hi ...  tuyn sau thc hin nhim v bo v bin gii quc gia, bo v vng bin gii bng s h tr gip  theo cc k hoch, chng trnh cho vng bin gii. Khi xung t hoc chin tranh bin gii xy ra th chi vin sc ngi, sc ca cho vng bin gii theo s iu ng ca Nh nc. - Nhng bin php tin hnh ch yu + Nh nc sm hon thin chin lc v xy dng, pht trin kinh t - x hi, bo v cho vng bin gii. Trong  mt s vn  cn phi c quan tm, tp trung gii quyt c bn, n nh, khn trng;  l, cng tc nh canh, nh c theo nh chin lc giao t, giao rng kt hp vi giao trch nhim qun l, bo v tng on ng bin gii, ct mc... cho tng h gia nh, tng lng bn, x... vi s u t kinh ph ca nh nc v s hng dn ca lc lng chuyn trch; thc hin ch chng a dn ra st ng bin gii, cc o tn dng tim nng ca mi vng lnh th pht trin kinh t, ng thi gn vi tng cng quc phng, an ninh trn bin gii. + Tuyn truyn, gio dc thc trch nhim, bi dng nng cao dn tr cho ng bo cc dn tc trong vng bin gii ngang tm vi tnh hnh v yu cu ca chin lc bo v, xy dng pht trin t nc  vng bin gii trong thi k mi. ng thi phi gn lin vi vic t chc hng dn hnh ng chun b cho thc hnh khi cn n. + Tip tc ng vin qun dn c nc, thc hnh tt Quyt nh s 16/HBT ngy 22/2/1989 ca Hi ng B trng (nay l Chnh ph) v  Ngy bin phng ton dn . Bng gio dc, hc tp theo chng trnh chnh kho trong h thng gio dc ph thng; th ch ho trch nhim, ngh)a v ca tng ngnh, tng cp trong s nghip bo v bin gii quc gia; bo v vng bin gii ph hp vi tnh hnh ca giai on mi. b) Xy dng chin lc quc gia v bin gii Xy dng cc chng trnh quc gia v pht trin kinh t, x hi nng cao i sng ca nhn dn  khu vc bin gii. Xy dng, cng c c s chnh tr, x hi cc huyn, x bin gii vng mnh. Xy dng kt cu h tng  bin gii. Xy dng lc lng vi trang nng ct chuyn trch bo v bin gii vng mnh v mi mt. Xy dng th trn bin phng ton dn, gn vi th trn quc phng - an ninh bo v bin gii. Xy dng cng trnh bo v bin gii, cng trnh phng th, chin u. Pht huy sc mnh tng hp ca t nc trc tip l sc mnh ca lc lng ti ch  bin gii u tranh chng ti phm, nht l bn hot ng tnh bo, gin ip, sn sng chin u khi chin tranh xy ra. Trong chin lc quc gia v bin gii phi kt hp cht ch kinh t - x hi vi an ninh - quc phng, hot ng i ngoi, pht huy sc mnh tng hp, gi vng n nh an ninh trong m ca quan h vi bn ngoi. Vn  c bn nht l xy dng "th trn lng dn" chm lo i sng mi mt cho nhn dn, c chnh sch bo m "yn dn" mi gi vng c n nh bin gii, n nh chnh tr  xy dng, pht trin kinh t. Xy dng chin lc v chng trnh quc gia y nhanh nhim v xy dng khu vc bin gii, vng bin - o vng mnh ton din, lm cho nhn dn  bin gii gn b vi ng, vi ch , vi bn lng; gn vic xy dng cng c ton din bin gii vi nng cao i sng (kinh t, chnh tr, vn ho...) cho nhn dn  bin gii. Trong chin lc, chng trnh quc gia phi kt hp cht ch kinh t x hi vi an ninh, quc phng, hot ng i ngoi, pht huy sc mnh tng hp, gi vng an ninh bn trong, m ca quan h vi bn ngoi. Ngn chn, y li cc hot ng th ch, to th, to lc gi vng n nh lu di bin gii quc gia.  tng cng cc mi quan h vi nhn dn bin gii, thu ht v tranh th lng dn, trong ch o phi va tin hnh xy dng, nh hnh cc vn  chin lc va c k hoch, chnh sch gii quyt cc vn  c th lm cho nhn dn hiu v thng nht vi ch trng, mc ch ca ng, Nh nc, m bo li ch quc gia v li ch chnh ng ca a phng, ca nhn dn  bin gii. Xut pht t thc trng tnh hnh chnh tr, kinh t x hi  bin gii, cn tp trung xy dng h thng chnh sch u tin, u i v kinh t x hi i vi min ni, vng su, vng xa, bin gii, hi o m ca bin gii, khuyn khch xut khu, pht trin kinh t bin gii nng cao i sng ng bo cc dn tc. Mnh dn u t, m tuyn du lch, dch v ra cc o xa b, qun o Trng Sa, tng bc dn s ho, cng c vng chc c s chnh tr, php l cc o ca ta. Thc hin quy hoch kinh t vng bin gii cho tng tuyn, tng tnh, tng tiu vng, lm tt cng tc nh canh, nh c cng tc dn s v k hoch ho gia nh, xo i gim ngho  cc x bin gii  vng su, vng xa. C chnh sch c th, thit thc, t chc o to cn b dn tc, u i ngi c cng trong bo v bin gii. c) Thc hin phng chm to th t xa, thng qua hot ng i ngoi, hp tc quc t cng c, pht trin quan h lng ging hu ngh vi cc nc tip gip To th t xa  gi vng n nh lu di bin gii quc gia thng qua cc hot ng tng cng hp tc ton din vi cc nc lng ging (cc nc c chung bin gii v ASEAN), thc hin chnh sch m ca, hp tc hu ngh, m rng hp tc a phng, giao lu, hp tc kinh t bin gii, hp tc lin doanh, pht trin kinh t bin, kinh t bin gii trn cc l)nh vc: du kh, hi sn, khong sn, lm nghip, du lch, bo v mi trng, kt hp vi hot ng ngoi giao, quc phng. Trn tng tuyn bin gii cn ch trng vn dng cc hnh thc, ni dung ring cho ph hp. i vi tuyn bin gii pha Bc: gi vng n nh, thc hin phng chm "va hp tc va u tranh"  gi vng ch quyn bin gii, "bo v ch quyn i i vi tng cng hu ngh", thc hin phng chm "mm m cht". Trong pht trin kinh t cn ch khai thc li th ca ta i vi th trng Trung Quc. i vi cc tuyn bin gii pha Ty, Ty Nam: gi vng n nh, y mnh hp tc ton din vi Lo. Tp trung pht trin kinh t, quan h bun bn m bo cho hng ho Vit Nam chim u th trn th trng Lo v Campuchia. i vi vng bin, o: Tng cng hot ng i ngoi, gii quyt cc v vic bng phng php ha bnh, hn ch thp nht xy ra xung t trn bin, duy tr thc hin x l cc v vic theo tinh thn tha thun v quy tc ng x Bin ng  k gia ASEAN vi Trung Quc nm 2002 (DOC), tng bc hip thng xy dng B quy tc ng s trn Bin ng (COC); tng cng u t, xy dng c s nh bt, ch bin, hot ng xa b, kt hp kinh t vi quc phng - an ninh. u t xy dng cc o, qun o c dn v cc lc lng phng th thnh c s kinh t quc phng vng mnh, tng cng sc mnh kinh t v phng th bin t xa. i vi cc nc ASEAN: tng cng quan h hp tc, ha bnh, hu ngh, pht trin; gp phn xy dng khu vc ng Nam ha bnh, n nh; c chnh sch u i  thu ht cc cng ty a quc gia vo lm n vi Vit Nam, nht l cc d n trn bin, thng qua li ch kinh t  rng buc h vi ta, to i trng trong quan h i tc, quan h khu vc v quc t. Khi c vn  phc tp v bin gii, bin o ny sinh, gii quyt bng hip thng, m phn l  quc sch .  l s gii quyt tn gc vn , to mi trng n nh, quan h lng ging tt, hu ngh l gii php c bn, ch yu, cp thit  bo v v n nh lu di bin gii quc gia. Trong m phn cn nhn r gii quyt vn  bin - o phi kin tr, kim ch, khn kho, khng  s h  h to c gy cng thng, xung t. d) Xy dng khu vc bin gii vng mnh ton din, ch trng xy dng th trn bin phng ton dn gn vi th trn quc phng ton dn v th trn an ninh nhn dn trn a bn bin gii Khu vc bin gii vng mnh ton din v chnh tr, kinh t, vn ha, x hi, quc phng - an ninh l c s nn tng to th v lc tng hp, lu di  tin hnh cc hot ng qun l, bo v bin gii quc gia. Tuy nhin, khu vc bin gii l a bn trng im v an ninh quc gia, nn vic ch trng xy dng th trn bin phng ton dn gn vi th trn quc phng ton dn vng chc l c s nn tng u tranh lm tht bi mi xm hi an ninh quc gia ca th lc th ch v cc loi i tng. Trong thi gian ti cn tp trung thc hin tt cc ni dung c bn sau: - Tip tc u t c hiu qu v trin khai thc hin cc ch trng, ng li chnh sch ca ng, Nh nc v Chnh ph v pht trin kinh t, x hi kt hp vi cng c quc phng - an ninh  khu vc bin gii vng mnh ton din. - T chc quy hoch, iu chnh, b tr li dn c trn ton tuyn bin gii, ng thi xy dng phong tro qun chng bo v bin gii quc gia. Do hin nay trn tuyn bin gii t lin dn c phn b khng u, v c bn vn mang tnh cht t nhin, t pht ca qun chng l ch yu. Nhiu ni khng c dn sinh sng n nh hoc c tr xa bin gii. Nn th b tr chin lc trn ton tuyn bin gii cha c ng b, cn nhiu s h. l khu yu c bn c tnh chin lc trong th trn bo v bin gii quc gia, phi c t chc, b tr hp l. Phi chm lo xy dng, t chc phong tro qun chng tham gia bin gii quc gia. Tu tng ni, tng lc m t chc phong tro c th ph hp vi thc tin ca tng a phng v st vi nhu cu thit thc ca nhn dn, nhng phi xoay quanh phong tro trung tm ca cc tuyn bin gii l: Phong tro qun chng tham gia t qun ng bin, mc quc gii v gi gn an ninh, trt t thn, bn khu vc bin gii. c phong tro qun chng, phi to ra ng lc bn trong. Trong , ng lc quan trng nht l nng cao trnh gic ng cch mng v chm lo li ch thit thc v vt cht v tinh thn cho nhn dn. - Xy dng v b tr cc lc lng v trang ph hp vi yu cu bo v ch quyn, an ninh bin gii quc gia: Lc lng v trang tham gia bo v ch quyn, an ninh bin gii quc gia gm: B i Bin phng, cc n v Qun i, Cng an, dn qun v cng an x bn, trong B i Bin phng lm nng ct. Cc lc lng ny phi c xy dng vng mnh, sc i ph vi cc tnh hung t xut. Nu xy ra xung t bin gii, chin tranh hay bo lon th cng vi cc lc lng ca tuyn sau chi vin x l thng li. - Xy dng lng, x chin u trong khu vc phng th tnh, thnh, ch ng i ph vi cc tnh hung. Xy dng lng bn, x chin u vng mnh trn cc mt (chnh tr, t tng, kinh t, vn ho, quc phng, an ninh,...) tng cng sc mnh ti ch. Nhng trc ht phi quan tm xy dng, cng c, kin ton i ng cn b trng bn, lc lng dn qun v cng an vin tng lng, bn. V y l lc lng nng ct ca a phng cng vi B i Bin phng t chc nhn dn bo v ch quyn quc gia, gi vng an ninh trt t lng, bn. Mt khc, phi gio dc nhn dn nng cao tinh thn cnh gic v tch cc tham gia bo v bin gii. Da vo quy nh ca php lut v tp qun tng ni m xy dng quy c lng, bn mi ngi thc hin. chnh l b hng c ca lng, bn gi vng an ninh trt t khu vc bin gii. Cn c vo tnh hnh c th tng ni m d kin cc tnh hung c th xy ra, chun b i ph theo cc phng n, t chc luyn tp thng xuyn. Khi c tnh hnh xu xy ra s x l c kp thi. Trn c s xy dng lng bn chin u m t chc cc cm chin u tng x, di s iu hnh ca chnh quyn a phng. cm chin u cc x hot ng tt phi gii quyt c vn thng tin v hip ng gia cc lng bn phi hp chin u v chi vin cho nhau khi cn thit. Nu cm chin u x tt, mi x s tr thnh pho i trn cc tuyn bin gii. - Xy dng th trn b mt lin hon bin gii - ni a: trc ht phi xy dng th trn cng khai l phong tro qun chng v cc lc lng v trang. Mt khc, phi xy dng th trn b mt ca cc lc lng Cng an, Qun i v B i Bin phng khp kn, lin hon trn cc tuyn: Ngoi bin, khu vc bin gii v ni a. - Xy dng c s h tng, ci to a hnh gn vi xy dng cc cng trnh phng th qun s v phng th dn s. Xy dng c s h tng nh ng giao thng, ng tun tra bin gii, mng li bu in, ci to a hnh khi o mng mng, knh rch, p thu li, trng rng ln bin,... u cn kt hp vi yu cu nhim v bin phng, quc phng, an ninh. Cc tuyn bin gii min ni cn iu tra kho st cc hang ng thin nhin, c k hoch ci to, bo v, kt hp gia tham quan, du lch vi quc phng, an ninh chun b khi c chin s. i i vi xy dng cc cng trnh phng th qun s, phi t chc xy dng h thng cng trnh phng th dn s va m bo chin u, va phng trnh, m bo an ton nhn lc, vt lc ca nhn dn tin hnh chin tranh lu di. khu vc bin gii, trng tm xy dng cc cng trnh phng th dn s l cc trung tm x, nhng ni thng tp trung ng ngi (ch, trng hc, tr s u ban x, khu ca khu,...). - Tng cng cng tc i ngoi bin phng, xy dng bin gii ho bnh, hu ngh vi cc nc lng ging. L mt ni dung quan trng khng th thiu c trong qu trnh xy dng th trn bin phng ton dn. Thng qua hot ng i ngoi bin phng m nhn dn, chnh quyn, cc lc lng bin phng hai bn bin gii tng cng hiu bit ln nhau, tng thm nhng im ng thun, gim bt nhng bt ng, cng c mi quan h thn thin gp phn xy dng bin gii ho bnh, hu ngh vi cc nc lng ging. ) Xy dng lc lng B i Bin phng vng mnh v phi hp cht ch vi cc lc lng tham gia bo v bin gii Tng cng xy dng, lc lng B i Bin phng vng mnh B i Bin phng hot ng c hiu qu, Nh nc cn quan tm u t xy dng, cng c theo hng cch mng, chnh quy, tinh nhu, ngy cng hin i c v mt t chc v trang b. ng thi, bo m s lnh o, ch huy thng nht t Trung ng n c s,  kh nng lm tham mu cho ng, Nh nc, chnh quyn cc cp; chuyn trch v lm nng ct, hng dn cc lc lng tham gia qun l, bo v ch quyn, an ninh bin gii quc gia. Trong thi gian ti cn: - n nh t chc ca B i Bin phng theo Ngh quyt 11 ca B Chnh tr v Php lnh B i Bin phng ca y ban Thng v Quc hi. - Nghin cu, b tr lc lng tinh gn, nng cao cht lng, gim cc u mi trung gian, gim bin ch i vi b phn hnh chnh phc v gin tip... Tng cng qun s cho cc n trm bin phng trn tuyn trng im. - Tp trung trang b, k thut hin i phc v cng tc bin phng: u t xy dng c bn cho cc n, trm bin phng, nht l cc n ca khu. Xy dng n bin phng vng mnh trong khu vc phng th, l im sng vn ho  khu vc bin gii; nghin cu trang b phng tin k thut  i mi cng tc qun l, kim sot ca khu, bo m nguyn tc, cht ch v nghip v, thng thong v th tc, nhanh chng v thi gian phc v tt ch trng m rng hp tc vi cc nc, m rng giao lu, hp tc quc t; m bo v h thng thng tin lin lc; m bo nguyn tc: ng lnh o ton din, tuyt i, trc tip v mi mt i vi B i Bin phng. m bo n nh t chc v c ch ch huy, ch o, hip ng  B i Bin phng hon thnh tt nhim v. Bin gii quc gia l vn  rt nhy cm v phc tp, qun l, bo v bin gii quc gia c ni dung ton din v chnh tr, kinh t- x hi, quc phng, an ninh, mi trng, sinh thi... i hi phi c s ch o tp trung thng nht ca B Chnh tr, Chnh ph, s phi hp ng b cht ch ca cc ngnh, cc cp  Trung ng v a phng, pht huy sc mnh tng hp ca ton dn v c h thng chnh tr  qun l, bo v bin gii, vng bin - o ca T quc. Vic xy dng B i Bin phng - lc lng chuyn trch, nng ct qun l, bo v bin gii quc gia vng mnh ton din l quy lut, iu kin khng th thiu c trong s nghip bo v ch quyn, an ninh bin gii quc gia. Phi hp cht ch vi cc lc lng tham gia bo v bin gii  pht huy sc mnh tng hp ca cc lc lng tham gia bo v bin gii, ng, Nh nc, Chnh ph, a phng cn phat huy vai tr nng ct ca B i Bin phng trong ch tr phi hp, tp hp lc lng v hng dn cc c quan, lc lng tham gia bo v bin gii quc gia. Phi hp vi Cng an, Qun i v cc c quan lm vic  khu vc bin gii thu thp tin tc, nm hnh hnh hot ng xm hi ch quyn lnh th v an ninh quc gia. Phi hp vi cc lc lng lm vic ti ca khu  duy tr cc hot ng thc thi php lut ti ca khu, ng mn bin gii. Phi hp vi cc ngnh, cc on th: vn ng qun chng tham gia xy dng khu vc phng th bin gii vng mnh ton din, tham gia bo v bin gii v u tranh phng chng cc hot ng xm phm ch quyn ton vn lnh th v an ninh trt t  bin gii quc gia. PHN II Qun l v bo v ch quyn bin, o Vit nam trong tnh hnh mi I. Nhng vn chung 1. V tr, vai tr ca bin v i dng a) Bin ngy cng c vai tr quan trng. Tin ra bin, khai thc bin v i dng l xu hng ca cc nc hin nay Bin v i dng chim gn 71% din tch b mt tri t, nhng hng ngn i nay, bin v i dng b coi l mi trng khng ph hp vi cuc sng thng nht ca con ngi, bi v chng thng xuyn n cha nhng him ha bt ng, m con ngi khng th l gii v i ph ni. Tuy vy, t thi c i, con ngi bit khai thc nhng vng bin ven b sinh sng. Cng vic khai thc trong thi k ny cn rt th s, manh mn v y ri ro. n th k XV, con ngi i vng quanh tri t bng ng bin. Bin v i dng c cc cng quc hng hi, ng thi l nhng nc sm pht trin ch ngha t bn, s dng lm nhng con ng thng thng tm kim v chim ot thuc a, m rng th trng. Nhiu th k tip theo cho n tn na u th k XX, mc d mi ch khai thc b mt ca bin v i dng l ch yu, cc cng quc bin coi trng pht trin cng nghip t ra c u th hn cc cng quc bin ch ch trng lm giu bng thng nghip. Cc nc yu v bin, k c nhng nc ln, ln lt b cc nc mnh v bin chinh phc, tr thnh thuc a hoc na thuc a ca ch ngha quc. Chin lc bin ca cc cng quc bin trong thi k ny gm hai yu t c bn: an ton giao thng ng bin (i dng) v sc mnh hi qun. Nh c hi qun mnh, trong khong 300 nm, giai cp t sn Anh chim c thuc a c din tch gp 100 ln din tch nc Anh. Na sau ca th k XX cho ti thp nin u ca th k XXI, m u cho thi k mi - thi k tin ra bin trong lch s khai thc bin v i dng. Nhiu hc gi cho rng, ngy nay chng ta ang bc vo thi i mi - "thi i bin". Bin v i dng ngy cng c vai tr quan trng v tr thnh mt trong hai cu cnh ca nhn loi tn ti v pht trin. Cc nc d c bin hay khng u quan tm ti bin v hng ra bin. Tin ra bin tr thnh mt hng pht trin ca loi ngi vi nhng c im ni bt sau: Mt l, s bng n dn s v nhu cu cuc sng ca con ngi ngy mt cao cng vi nn khan him lng thc, cn kit ti nguyn trn lc a dn n gia tng cc t nn x hi, uy hip mnh m s pht trin bn vng ca loi ngi. Hai l, bin, i dng l ngun ti nguyn v cng to ln m hu nh cha c khai thc. Nu c khai thc s p ng nhu cu ca con ngi tn ti v pht trin. Ba l, khoa hc cng ngh pht trin vt bc, gip con ngi hiu bit r hn, y hn v tim nng v li ch ca bin v i dng; ng thi to cho con ngi kh nng khai thc nhng tim nng vi quy m ln, hu nh mi su v c trong lng t ca y bin v i dng. Cng vi trnh khoa hc cng ngh pht trin, nhn thc, hiu bit v vai tr ca bin i vi con ngi cng thay i. Ngy nay, bn cnh nhng iu b n ca bin v i dng cha c khm ph, bin v i dng c xem nh kho bu c th gii quyt c nhng vn cp bch mang tnh ton cu nh: lng thc, thc phm, nguyn liu, nng lng v mi trng. V vy, mi quc gia u ang hng ra bin v i dng, coi bin v i dng l tng lai ca loi ngi, l c n cui cng ca thin nhin ban tng cho loi ngi, l mt trong nhng mi trng sng quan trng ca loi ngi trn hnh tinh ny. Tin ra bin tr thnh mt hng pht trin ca loi ngi, mt chin lc lu di ca nhiu nc trn th gii1. Trong cun Chin lc khai thc bin ca Trung Quc (Nh xut bn i hc Cng nghip Vt l Hoa Trung, 11.1990), cc tc gi vit : Dn tc no sng xa l vi bin l t khp kn mnh, tt nhin s b lc hu... Trn th gii ngy nay, dn tc no ch c quan im t lin, khng c nhn thc v bin l dn tc bo th, khng th thnh vng, pht trin. V vy, th k XXI l th k ca chin lc bin. b) u tranh trn bin l b phn hp thnh ca cuc u tranh dn tc v u tranh giai cp trong thi i mi Phong tro gii phng dn tc pht trin v ginh thng li trn khp th gii, lm tan r h thng thuc a ca ch ngha quc, thc y mnh m cc dn tc mi ginh c c lp bc vo cuc u tranh i hi s cng bng trong vic phn chia bin v i dng th gii. Cuc u tranh ny li cun khng ch cc nc ven bin, m cn c cc nc khng c bin (quc gia lc a) tham gia. T nhng nm 50 ca th k XX, cuc u tranh v ch quyn v li ch quc gia trn bin din ra ht sc quyt lit, gia mt bn l s t cc nc pht trin (ng thi l cc cng quc bin) vi mt bn l cc nc ang pht trin chim a s. Qua hai Hi ngh v Lut bin (nm 1958 v 1960) do Lin hp quc triu tp, cc nc ang pht trin nhn ra m mu ca cc nc quc mun thu hp lnh hi ca cc nc ven bin v li dng u th v khoa hc cng ngh chim trc nhng khu vc rng ln ca i dng. Cc nc ang pht trin y mnh hn cuc u tranh chng li m mu ny, nhm t ti s phn chia v s dng bin v i dng th gii mt cch cng bng. Hi ngh v Lut bin ln th ba do Lin hp quc triu tp, sau 5 nm tr b (1967-1972) v 9 nm thng lng (1973-1982) vi s tham gia ca 165 nc v vng lnh th, qua 8 kho hp, n ngy 30-4-1982, thng qua d tho Cng c mi ca Lin hip quc v Lut bin. Ngy 10-7-1982, 119 on i biu quc gia v thc th, trong c Cng ho x hi ch ngha Vit Nam, chnh thc k kt Cng c ca Lin hp quc v Lut bin (sau y gi l Cng c v Lut bin 1982 phn bit vi cc Cng c c v bin c thng qua ti Hi ngh v Lut bin ln th nht nm 1958). Cng c v lut bin 1982 c hiu lc k t ngy 16-11-1994. S ra i Cng c v Lut bin 1982 c nh gi l thng li c ngha lch s ca phong tro gii phng dn tc, l kt qu ca cuc u tranh i thay i trt t php l c trn bin ca cc nc thuc th gii th ba. Cng c c coi l Hin php i dng, bo m vic s dng, khai thc bin v i dng mt cch cng bng, ng thi bo v c mi trng, gi gn ngun ti nguyn bin cho s pht trin bn vng ca cc th h mai sau. Tt nhin, Cng c v Lut bin 1982 khng th tho mn mi i hi ca mi quc gia, v cc nc ven bin c nhng iu kin a l bin khc nhau v nhng yu cu khc nhau xut pht t li ch ring ca mnh. Cng c v Lut bin 1982 to ra s thay i ln v a - chnh tr trn bin v i dng th gii, hu ht cc quc gia ven bin phi v li bn hnh chnh ca mnh, phi xc nh li bin gii quc gia v ranh gii vng c quyn v kinh t v thm lc a (trn th gii hin c trn 400 ng bin gii v ranh gii bin phi xc nh li). Nhiu nc phi iu chnh, b sung, thm ch phi thay i hng lot chin lc v chnh sch (kinh t, i ngoi, quc phng-an ninh, khoa hc-cng ngh, gio dc...) cho ph hp vi s thay i v a l bin. Ngoi li ch trn cc vng bin v thm lc a thuc ch quyn v quyn ti phn quc gia, nhiu nc c tim lc kinh t v khoa hc cng ngh mnh ang tng cng u t, tch cc chun b cho vic khai thc cc m y i dng. Mt s nc khng che giu nh tr thnh cng quc i dng. i vi h, mt vng c quyn v kinh t rng 200 hi l v mt thm lc a rng 200-350 hi l l qu nh hp. Chin lc bin ca h l phi bo m c hai li ch; li ch trn cc vng bin v thm lc a quc gia v li ch trn i dng ca th gii. Trong cuc tin qun ra bin, cc nc mnh v kinh t v khoa hc cng ngh vn ang chim u th. Cng c v Lut bin 1982 c nhng iu khon m nhng nc ny c th tn dng (nh quyn t do nh c, t do nghin cu khoa hc bin c; vic khai thc y i dng...). Trong my thp k qua, trn th gii xy ra nhiu cuc tranh chp ti nguyn bin cng thng n mc c gi l chin tranh, nh chin tranh c tuyt (Aixlen-Anh), chin tranh tm hm (Php-Braxin), chin tranh c ng (M-Mxic), tranh chp nh c Bc i Ty Dng (Canaa-Ty Ban Nha) Trn th gii ang tn ti nhiu cuc tranh chp o, k c nhng hn o nh b, thm ch c nhng bi cha nh ln khi mt nc, vi nguyn nhn ch yu l ginh li ch kinh t ca vng c quyn v kinh t v thm lc a bao quanh o. Trong vic xc nh ranh gii vng c quyn v kinh t v thm lc a quc gia, ang tn ti nhiu vng chng ln v tranh chp gia cc nc c bin tip gip nhau. Cc tranh chp bin, o ni trn ny sinh t trc khi Cng c v Lut bin 1982 ra i v phn ln vn tn ti n ngy nay vi tnh cht rt quyt lit. Cng c v Lut bin 1982 cng quy nh trnh t v th tc gii quyt cc tranh chp trn bin gia cc quc gia bng bin php ho bnh v thng qua c quan ti phn ca Lin hp quc. Nhng trn th gii vn ang tn ti nhng th lc mun gii quyt tranh chp bng sc mnh qun s; v h cho rng, y l c hi cui cng m rng bin gii ra pha bin. c nhng tin l nguy him trong tranh chp bin, o: nc Anh dng v lc nh chim qun o Manvint (1982); Trung Quc dng v lc nh chim qun o Hong Sa (1974) v mt s o, bi thuc qun o Trng Sa (1988). Cng c v Lut bin 1982 c nh gi l quan tm bo v quyn li ca cc nc ngho. Song, Cng c thc s i vo cuc sng ca nhn loi, nhn dn yu chung ho bnh v cng l trn th gii cn phi tri qua cuc u tranh lu di v quyt lit, nhm chng li cc th lc xm lc v bnh trng, bo v ch quyn v li ch quc gia c lut php quc t tha nhn. Bin v i dng th gii ang n cha nhng kho v kh ht nhn khng l, to ra mi uy hip thng xuyn i vi s tn ti ca loi ngi. Cc nc ln ang tip tc tng cng u t cho pht trin Hi qun thc hin chin lc i dng ca h trong th k XXI. Cc nc quc vn ang s dng bin v i dng th gii nh nhng con ng thun li nht tin hnh cc hot ng xm lc v can thip khp ni trn th gii. T bin v i dng Hi qun ca h c th tin cng cc nc nm su trong lc a (nh pganixtan). Sc mnh qun s trn bin ca ch ngha quc (cha tnh n v kh ht nhn) c th to ra mi uy hip vi hu ht cc quc gia trn th gii. i hi i biu ton quc ln th IX ca ng ta nhn nh: Th k XXI s tip tc c nhiu bin i. Khoa hc cng ngh s c bc nhy vt. Kinh t tri thc c vai tr ngy cng ni bt trong qu trnh pht trin lc lng sn xut1. Chc chn rng, nhng bc tin nhy vt ca khoa hc cng ngh s to cho loi ngi nhng kh nng to ln trong cng cuc khai thc bin v i dng trong th k mi. i hi i biu ton quc ln th X ca ng cng ch ra: Cc mu thun ln ca thi i vn rt gay gt... khu vc Chu - Thi Bnh Dng ni chung v ng Nam ni ring, xu th ha bnh, hp tc v pht trin tip tc gia tng, nhng lun tim n nhng nhn t gy mt n nh2. V vy, cuc u tranh ca nhn dn yu chung ho bnh v cng l trn th gii v mc ch s dng bin v i dng mt cch ho bnh, mang li li ch cng bng cho mi quc gia, dn tc, l b phn hp thnh quan trng ca cuc u tranh dn tc v u tranh giai cp trong thi i mi-thi i bin - s tip tc din ra gay gt. 2. Bin ng trong chin lc mt s cng quc th gii v khu vc a) Bin ng trong chin lc ca mt s cng quc Bin ng c v tr quan trng trong chin lc bin v chin lc an ninh ca cc nc ln ng -Thi Bnh Dng. Cc nc ln ng -Thi Bnh Dng (nh M, Nht, Trung Quc) u nh gi cao v tr ca Bin ng trong chin lc bin v chin lc an ninh ca mnh. S quan tm ca nhng nc ny ti Bin ng trc tip tc ng ti tnh hnh ca khu vc ni chung v quc phng-an ninh ca Vit Nam ni ring. - M vi Bin ng M l cng quc hng u ca th gii, nm bn b ca hai i dng ln l i Ty Dng v Thi Bnh Dng. M khng nh, h trc ht phi l cng quc i dng. Bin ng c M nh gi l c v tr quan trng trong chin lc an ninh Thi Bnh Dng ca h. Bin ng l con ng chin lc ca M t Thi Bnh Dng sang n Dng v Trung ng; l con ng thng mi chnh ca M vi khu vc Chu ; l ni M c nhiu ng minh chnh tr, m M phi bo v. B Ngoi giao M ngy 10-5-1995 tng ra tuyn b v Bin ng v Trng Sa, trong nhn mnh M c li ch lu di trong vic duy tr ho bnh v n nh, bo v quyn t do hng hi trong Bin ng. Nm 1992, M rt cc cn c qun s ra khi Philppin, nhng vn tm cch duy tr s c mt v qun s Bin ng. Hm i 7 ca M vn thng xuyn qua li Bin ng; duy tr u n trinh st ng khng kim sot tnh hnh Bin ng v cc nc ven Bin ng. Nhng nm gn y, c bit sau s kin 11-9-2001, li dng chiu bi chng khng b, M gia tng s c mt v qun s, chun b c s tng cng kh nng can thip qun s vo khu vc ny. Hng nm, hi qun M tin hnh hng chc cuc din tp song phng v a phng vi hi qun nhiu nc thnh vin c ca ASEAN nhng quy m khc nhau. Mc ch ca cc cuc din tp ny l hun luyn, li ko cc nc vo cc hot ng qun s chung tng bc hnh thnh t chc qun s khu vc do M ch huy, to iu kin cho M tp hp ng minh sn sng can thip vo cc im nng ca khu vc. theo ui tham vng b ch ton cu, tranh ginh nh hng, thc hin bao vy, kim ch Trung Quc, chnh quyn M tip tc trin khai chin lc can d v dnh lu di chiu bi chng khng b. M chuyn trng tm chin lc sang Chu - Thi Bnh Dng, tng cng v m rng quan h quc phng, an ninh vi cc nc Chu - Thi Bnh Dng. T nm 2002 n nay, M vn ng c nhiu nc ng Nam ng cho M s dng cc cn c qun s trn lnh th ca h khi cn thit. M t vn vi Thi Lan nng cp sn bay Utapao; xy dng cn c hu cn ni vnh Thi Lan (Satahip). Thi Lan ng cho M s dng cn c hi qun Songkla hun luyn lc lng chng khng b cho cc nc Thi Lan, Innxia v Philppin. Bc u, M vin tr cho Thi Lan 800 triu USD trang b k thut chng khng b v tho thun chuyn giao kho v kh trang b t kho v kh d phng ca M sang kho v kh d phng ca Thi Lan. Gn y, M cn tng cng vin tr qun s cho my nc lin quan n tranh chp Trng Sa, to iu kin cho h c thi cng rn hn, hnh ng kin quyt hn trong tranh chp, khin cho tnh hnh y tr nn cng thng hn. ng ch l Philppin c ch trng da vo M gii quyt tranh chp ch quyn Bin ng; gii quyt nhm hi gio Abusayp min Nam v hin i ha qun i. Thng 8 nm 2002 Philppin k Hip nh hp tc qun s vi M, cho php M lp cn c hu cn trn o Minanao. M u t 100 triu USD xy dng cn c ny. Ngy 20-01-2006, M v Philppin tho lun kh nng hp tc trong vn an ninh bin trn c s ly quan h tay t gia M - Nht - xtrylia - Philppin lm cha kho xy dng v m rng hp tc an ninh bin khu vc. Vi Innxia, M bi b cm vn xut khu v kh v bnh thng ha quan h qun s t thng 12- 2005 v ha ng h Innxia vn ln gi v tr lnh o ASEAN; cam kt vin tr cho Innxia 552,6 triu USD trong nm ti kha 2006, bn ph tng my bay, tu chin; o to s quan qun i v ni li hun luyn, din tp qun s chung. Cc tin tc gn y cho bit: Chnh quyn M c nh thnh lp ng Nam mt t chc an ninh tp th, thc hin hiu qu hn m mu dng ngi ng Nam chuyn ho ngi ng Nam theo qu o ca M. i tng s mt cn phi chuyn ho ng Nam , theo M l Vit Nam. M tip tc dng cc chiu bi nhn quyn, t do, tn gio... kch ng cc hot ng chng i Vit Nam; mt khc, li mun li ko Vit Nam vo chin lc chng Trung Quc ca h. - Trung Quc vi Bin ng Trung Quc l mt quc gia lc a khng l (din tch 9.600.000km2), ng thi l quc gia ven bin ln (b bin di khong 18.000km). Nhng, trong lch s, Trung Quc quan tm ch yu n lc a, quay lng li vi bin. T u th k XX, Trung Quc bt u ch n bin, bt u c nhng tranh ginh bin, o vi cc nc khc. T thp k 80 ca th k XX, Trung Quc bt u nghin cu v nh hnh chin lc bin quc gia, nhm bin Trung Quc trc ht thnh cng quc bin khu vc, tin ti mt cng quc hng u th gii trong th k XXI. Trung Quc cho rng, bin l li thot ca dn tc Trung Hoa sinh tn v pht trin, nhng phn bin m Trung Quc c hng khng tng xng vi tm vc quc gia (Trung Quc cho rng t l din tch t lin vi din tch bin ca h l 1/0,3). Trong chin lc bin ca Trung Quc, Bin ng l hng pht trin ch yu hin nay, l sng cn, l bn p tin ra i dng, l ni th nghim chnh sch vn ln thnh cng quc hng u th gii ca Trung Quc. c chim Bin ng (Trung Quc gi l Nam Hi) l ch trng chin lc kin nh v nht qun ca Trung Quc. Nm 1950, Trung Quc xut bn bn , xc nh im cc nam ca Trung Quc v tuyn 040 Bc (khc vi bn xut bn nm 1906 xc nh im cc nam ca Trung Quc v tuyn 18 013 Bc, tc cc nam o Hi Nam). Theo bn ny, 80% din tch Bin ng l ca Trung Quc. Ngy 15-8-1951, ngoi trng Chu n Lai tuyn b v bin, o ca Trung Quc theo bn ny. Ngy 30-7-1977, ngoi trng Hong Hoa nhc li: Lnh th Trung Quc ko di v pha Nam n tn gn o Bocn... (tc o Calimantan thuc lnh th Malaixia, Bruny v Innxia). Theo Trung Quc, a bin gii pha nam n tn gn o Bocn (tc v tuyn 040 Bc), vn mu cht l phi lm ch hai qun o Hong Sa v Trng Sa, xy dng cc cn c chin lc khng ch cc nc ven Bin ng v ng Nam . Sch bo Trung Quc cng khai ch ra rng: qun o Nam Sa (tc Trng Sa) c lin quan n s pht trin v li ch kinh t to ln ca Vit Nam v ASEAN, nhng vi Trung Quc li cng c nhiu ngha hn na (sch Qun i Trung Quc c th nh thng trong cuc chin tranh ti khng ca Nh xut bn i hc S phm Ty Nam, tnh T Xuyn, pht hnh thng 6-1993). Trung Quc coi Vit Nam l cn tr ln nht trong vic thc hin c chim Bin ng ca h; l trng im kch trong vic thu hi Nam Sa bng bin php qun s; ng thi dng chnh sch xoa du cc nc khc c lp Vit Nam. Trung Quc cn a ra lun iu cng nhau khai thc di tiu cng nhn Nam Sa l b phn lnh th ca Trung Quc la m d lun. Phng chm hnh ng do Trung Quc ra l: ni t lm nhiu hoc lm m khng ni. Cng vi vic ln chim v m rng cc hot ng qun s, khai thc hi sn, iu tra ti nguyn..., Trung Quc cn hp l ho ch quyn v php l. Ngy 3-9-1987, Quc hi Trung Quc thng qua quy ch tnh Hi Nam bao gm o Hi Nam, cc qun o Ty Sa v Nam Sa (tc Hong Sa v Trng Sa ca Vit Nam). Thng 3 nm 1992, Quc hi Trung Quc kho 7 thng qua Lut lnh hi v vng tip gip ca nc Cng ho nhn dn Trung Hoa, trong xc nh cc qun o ng Sa, Ty Sa v Nam Sa l lnh th ca Trung Quc. Ngy 15-6-1996, Quc hi Trung Quc ph chun Cng c v Lut bin 1982, ng thi cng b ng c s tnh chiu rng lnh hi vi nhiu sai tri so vi quy nh ca Cng c, m rng lnh hi Trung Quc t 370.000 km2 ln 3 triu km2 (trong c vic quy nh ng c s ca qun o Hong Sa theo quy ch quc gia qun o). Thng 5 nm 2011, Trung Quc gi ln y ban cc vn v bin v thm lc a ca Lin hip quc ti liu v bn , ngh cng nhn vng bin trong ng ch U trn Bin ng do Trung Quc t v, l vng bin ca Trung Quc. Trung Quc cho rng, tranh chp Bin ng-Trng Sa s rt khc lit, nn khng th loi tr bin php e do s dng v lc hoc s dng v lc gii quyt tranh chp; do phi tng cng u t cho pht trin hi qun. Trung Quc hon thnh chng trnh xy dng hi qun 13 nm (1987-2000). Hin nay, Trung Quc ang xy dng hi qun i dng. Hi qun Trung Quc c nh gi l lc lng hi qun ln nht, mnh nht khu vc, mnh hn hi qun ca tt c cc nc khc quanh Bin ng cng li, ng th hai th gii v qun s v s lng my bay ca hi qun, th ba th gii v s lng tu chin u ln v tu ngm. Hm i Nam Hi trc y l hm i yu nht, nay tr thnh hm i mnh nht trong ba hm i ca hi qun Trung Quc. Lut lnh hi v vng tip gip ca Trung Quc dnh cho Hi qun Trung Quc quyn ging tr bng v lc vi bt k s xm phm no ca nc ngoi vo cc o v khu vc thuc ch quyn v quyn ch quyn ca Trung Quc. Mc d, Trung Quc k vi Vit Nam Hip nh phn nh vnh Bc B v Hip nh hp tc ngh c trong vnh Bc B (nm 2000); k vi ASEAN Tuyn b v cch ng x ca cc bn trn Bin ng (DOC) (nm 2002), nhng mt khi Trung Quc cn thc hin  chin lc hng Nam v c chim Bin ng th vn u tranh trn Bin ng cn din bin phc tp. - Nht Bn vi Bin ng Nht Bn l quc gia qun o, c din tch khng ln (372.000km2), nhng s dn vt qu 120 triu ngi t gia thp k 80 ca th k XX, li rt ngho ti nguyn. V vy, Nht coi con ngi v bin l hai yu t c bn pht trin. Nht Bn coi Bin ng l con ng bin c tm quan trng sng cn i vi nn kinh t ca mnh. Khong 50-70% lng du nhp khu v 45% hng ha ca Nht c vn chuyn qua Bin ng. ng Nam l th trng quan trng ca Nht v l ni ang din ra s tranh chp gay gt gia Nht Bn vi Trung Quc. V vy, Nht Bn cho rng, Bin ng ngy cng c tm quan trng sng cn v c kinh t ln an ninh ca h. Nht Bn mun tng cng v th chnh tr cho ngang tm vi v th kinh t ca mnh trn th gii, bng cch can d nhiu hn vo cc s kin ca th gii v khu vc. Vi Bin ng, Nht mun tng cng nh hng ca mnh v ngn chn, hn ch tham vng ca Trung Quc khu vc ny; mun tham gia nhiu hn vo vic gii quyt cc vn ca Bin ng, trong c Trng Sa. Nht cn mun thm d, khai thc ti nguyn Bin ng v c bit quan tm n ngun du kh ln y, v nu nhp c du Bin ng s c li hn nhiu so vi nhp du t Trung ng. Nht Bn ra tuyn b i hi bo m cc con ng bin cch Nht Bn 1.000 hi l (1.850km), bao gm ton b ng hng hi trn Bin ng. V mt qun s, tuy ch c lc lng phng v, nhng hi qun Nht c nh gi l lc lng hi qun mnh nht khu vc ng . ng thi, Nht vn duy tr s hp tc vi M trong cam kt phng th chung ang c tng cng; mun duy tr lc lng qun s M ng v c Bin ng. Trn lnh th Nht ang cn nhng cn c qun s ln ca M, gip cho M c ch da thun li trin khai cc hot ng qun s ng ni chung v Bin ng ni ring. b) Chnh sch ca mt s nc ven Bin ng Cc nc ven Bin ng u nh gi Trung Quc l nhn t ch yu gy mt n nh Bin ng. H khng mun Trung Quc lp ch trng quyn lc Bin ng, nn ng h s c mt v qun s ca M y lm i trng vi Trung Quc. Mt khc, nhng nc ny li chp nhn s xoa du ca Trung Quc, khng mun lm mt lng Trung Quc, v nhng tnh ton li ch ring ca mi nc. T nm 1999 tr li y, mt s nc cn da vo M c nhng hnh ng lm tng thm mc cng thng Trng Sa, nh ln chim thm mt s im, tin hnh trinh st cc o do Vit Nam kim sot (vic ny trc y h cha tng lm), tng cng cc hot ng tun tiu, khai thc hi sn... Hu ht cc nc ven Bin ng (thnh vin c ca ASEAN) u tng cng u t cho pht trin hi qun bo v li ch trn bin ca mnh. Hng nm, nhng nc ny vn duy tr din tp hi qun song phng v a phng gia cc nc trong khu vc vi nhau v vi cc nc ngoi khu vc (M, xtrylia, NiuDiln, Anh, Php, Nht). i vi Vit Nam, cc nc ASEAN u quan tm pht trin quan h v nhiu mt; hp tc vi Vit Nam trong vic gi gn ho bnh v n nh trn bin; thng nht vi Vit Nam v ch trng gii quyt tranh chp bin, o bng thng lng ho bnh. H mun Vit Nam l vt cn ngn chn mi e da bnh trng lnh th ca Trung Quc Bin ng, nhng thng gi im lng trc nhng hnh ng ca Trung Quc m Vit Nam phn i. Thi Lan l ng minh thn cn nht ca M ng Nam , lun lun thc hin chnh sch hai mt, va hp tc va chng ph i vi Vit Nam v mt s nc lng ging khc. Thi Lan ng h nh ca M xy dng cn c hu cn ni Vnh Thi Lan; din tp hi qun vi M, ly Vit Nam l i tng gi nh; thnh lp Hi cu chin binh Thi Lan tham chin Vit Nam tp hp lc lng chng i Vit Nam. Khi Trung Quc ln chim v gy ra cc s kin trn Bin ng, quan im ca Thi Lan l trung lp, khng a ra chng kin phn i, trong khi Vit Nam nn n Trung Quc; ng thi vn gi mi quan h bnh thng trn bin vi Vit Nam th hin trong vic duy tr tun tra chung trn bin gia hi qun hai nc. Campuchia trong vng 5 nm tr li y c nhng chuyn bin ng k theo chiu hng tt trong mi quan h v bin vi Vit Nam. Tuy trong nc vn cn nhng th lc th ch vi Vit Nam. Ni bt l nhm cc ngh s ca cc ng i lp vi ng Nhn dn Campuchia vn a ra nhng i hi v l v ch quyn ca h i vi cc ct mc bin gii trn b ca ta v khng chp nhn phn chia vng bin trong vng nc lch s m hip nh gia hai nc k kt nm 1982, trong cc cuc m phn. Quan im ca Campuchia v cc vn trn Bin ng cng gi mc trung lp, khng ng h ai nhng cng khng a ra li phn i ai mi khi c s kin xy ra trn Bin ng. 3. Bin ng vi pht trin kinh t - x hi v tng cng quc phng - an ninh ca Vit Nam Bin ng l mt bin ln ca Thi Bnh Dng, nm pha ng lc a Vit Nam. Ranh gii pha bc ca Bin ng i qua im cc bc o i Loan theo v tuyn khong 240 Bc vo b bin Trung Quc; ranh gii pha nam vo khong v tuyn 030 Nam, gia cc o Sumatra v Calimantan ca Innxia. Chn nc bao quanh Bin ng l Trung Quc (gm c i Loan), Vit Nam, Campuchia, Thi Lan, Malaixia, Xingapo, Innxia, Bruny v Philppin. Din tch Bin ng khong 3.500.000 km2. su trung bnh ca Bin ng l 1.140 m; khi lng nc xp x 4 triu km3. Vit Nam l mt quc gia nm trn b pha ty ca Bin ng, c ch quyn v quyn ti phn trn mt vng bin c din tch hn mt triu km2 khu vc gia Bin ng. V vy, Bin ng gn b mt thit vi lch s dng nc v gi nc ca dn tc Vit Nam. a) Bin ng vi kinh t - x hi vit Nam Bin ng c nh gi l bin giu c v ti nguyn. V ti nguyn sinh vt, Bin ng c hn 2000 loi c khc nhau, trong c hn 100 loi c c gi tr kinh t cao. c bit, mt s loi c b tuyt dit i dng, nhng vn cn Bin ng. Bin ng l khu vc c nng sut cao v nh bt hi sn, chim khong 10% tng sn lng nh bt hi sn hng nm ca ton th gii. V khong sn, Bin ng c cc m v ngun sa khong bin phong ph, ch yu l than, thic, titan, silict... T nhng nm 70 ca th k XX, mt s nc xung quanh Bin ng tin hnh khai thc m thic ngm di bin. c bit l trong nhng nm 60 ca th k XX, Bin ng c pht hin l c tim nng ln v du m v kh t. Sn lng khai thc du kh ca cc nc quanh Bin ng t c nhp tng trng nhanh lin tc. ng u khu vc l Innxia, sn lng khai thc du kh vt qua con s 100 triu tn/nm. Theo s liu cng b nm 1998 ca mt cng trnh nghin cu Trung Quc, ring khu vc qun o Trng Sa c tr lng du m ti trn 41 t tn. Bin ng c nhiu eo bin thng thng vi Thi Bnh Dng v ni vi n Dng bng ng bin i qua eo bin Malacca. V vy, Bin ng l ng giao thng huyt mch ni ng , Thi Bnh Dng vi Chu u, Chu Phi v Trung Cn ng. Nn kinh t ca nhiu nc hoc vng lnh th ng (Nht Bn, Hn Quc, i Loan, Xingapo) ph thuc sng cn vo ng hng hi quc t i qua Bin ng. Bin ng c nh gi l con ng hng hi nhn nhp vo hng th hai trn th gii. Hng ngy c khong 150-200 tu bun ca cc nc qua li Bin ng. Trong thp k u ca th k XXI, lng hng ha vn chuyn qua Bin ng tng gp 1,5 - 2 ln so vi trc y. Vit Nam c nh gi l quc gia c nhiu thun li hn v iu kin a l bin so vi nhiu quc gia ven bin khc. B bin Vit Nam di khong 3260 km, ng th 27 v chiu di b bin trong tng s 157 nc ven bin, o quc v vng lnh th ven bin ca th gii. Trn th gii, trung bnh 600km2 t lin mi c 1 km b bin, t l Vit Nam l 100 km2/1km (Thi Lan l 140 km2/1 km, Trung Quc l 533 km2/1 km...). Din tch bin ca Vit Nam chim khong 29% din tch ca Bin ng, rng gp ba ln din tch lnh th t lin. Vit Nam cn c ch quyn gn 3000 hn o ln, nh v 2 qun o xa b l Hong Sa v Trng Sa. Ti nguyn vng bin v ven bin nc ta c nh gi rt phong ph v a dng, phn b rng khp trn di t lin ven bin n cc vng nc ven b, cc hi o v cc vng bin khi. Ven bin nc ta c khong 110 ca sng ra bin. Trung bnh khong 30 km b bin c mt ca sng. Hin nay, c nc c hn 90 cng ln, nh, vi 24.000 m cu cng v 10 khu chuyn ti, c cu cng c th tip nhn c tu ti 50.000 DWT. C nc c 64 tnh, thnh th 28 tnh, thnh c bin, trong c 12 huyn o. Trn 50% s dn ca nc ta sng cc tnh ven bin. l nhng iu kin khch quan thun li chng ta pht trin mt cch a dng cc ngnh kinh t bin, bao gm kinh t bin khi, kinh t ven bin v kinh t hi o. khai thc tim nng v li th ca bin, p ng i hi khch quan ca cng cuc xy dng t nc trong thi k i mi, ngy 6-5-1993, B Chnh tr Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng ra Ngh quyt s 03-NQ/TW v mt s nhim v pht trin kinh t bin trong nhng nm trc mt, trong xc nh: Tr thnh mt nc mnh v bin l mc tiu chin lc xut pht t yu cu v iu kin khch quan ca s nghip xy dng v bo v T quc Vit Nam. Ngh quyt s 03-NQ/TW ca B Chnh tr nhanh chng i vo cuc sng ca t nc, nh hng cho kinh t bin v thc y kinh t bin pht trin. Ch trong thi gian ngn, kinh t bin nc ta c s pht trin ng k, chng t u th so vi cc vng kinh t khc c ba gi tr: nhp tng trng, kim ngch xut khu v thu ht vn u t ca nc ngoi. Ch th s 20-CT/TW ngy 22-9-1997 ca B Chnh tr v y mnh pht trin kinh t bin theo hng cng nghip ho hin i ho khng nh: Vng bin, hi o v ven bin l a bn chin lc c v tr quyt nh i vi s pht trin ca t nc ta; l tim nng v th mnh quan trng cho s nghip cng nghip ho, hin i ho. Vng ven bin nc ta ang c xy dng vi nhp pht trin kinh t nhanh v si ng nht ca c nc, ang hnh thnh mt hnh lang kinh t, mt trc th v trung tm cng nghip ln ca nc ta. Hin nay kinh t bin ang pht huy vai tr ch yu trong kinh t i ngoi v vai tr u tu thc y cc vng kinh t khc pht trin. Thc t xy dng t nc trong nhng thp k qua cho thy thu nhp ca t nc t kinh t bin cng ngy cng tng, kinh t bin ang gp phn ngy cng quan trng hn vo s nghip xy dng t nc. Ch c y mnh pht trin kinh t bin, chng ta mi y li c nguy c tt hu xa hn v kinh t so vi cc nc trong khu vc. i hi i biu ton quc ln th IX ca ng khng nh: pht trin tng hp kinh t bin v ven bin, khai thc li th ca cc khu vc ca bin, hi cng to thnh vng pht trin cao, thc y cc vng khc. Xy dng cn c hu cn mt s o tin ra bin khi1. i hi i biu ton quc ln th X cng ch ra, cn phi: xy dng v thc hin chin lc pht trin kinh t bin ton din, c trng tm, trng im; sm a nc ta tr thnh quc gia mnh v kinh t bin trong khu vc, gn vi bo m quc phng, an ninh v hp tc quc tՔ2. nhanh chng vn ln, kinh t bin phi tip tc pht huy nhng thnh qu t c, ng thi phi khc phc nhng hn ch bc l trong nhng nm qua, nh: c s vt cht ca cc ngnh kinh t bin cn yu km, nng lc khai thc ti nguyn cn thp; pht trin kinh t bin cc ngnh, a phng cn cha theo quy hoch tng th, cng tc iu tra c bn v nghin cu khoa hc v bin cha to c c s khoa hc cng ngh cn thit cho s pht trin cc ngnh, cc vng kinh t bin, cng nh vic hoch nh quy hoch, k hoch v chnh sch v bin; qun l cc hot ng kinh t bin cn nhiu s h v yu km, gy thit hi v kinh t, tc ng xu ti trt t an ninh trn bin v t lin. Mt mt, bin khng ch mang li cho con ngi nhng ngun li to ln m cn cung cp cho con ngi nhng ngun nng lng v tn (nh gi, thy triu...). Mt khc, bin vn l mi trng t nhin rt khc nghit v nhiu bin ng; nhiu hin tng thi tit, thy vn khc nghit (bo t, sng thn...) c th gy ra nhng thit hi to ln v ngi v ca cho vng ven bin v gy ra nhng tai nn, ri ro trn bin. Bin ng l ni c nhiu bo v p thp nhit i hot ng (trung bnh 12-13 cn bo/nm), trong hu nh nm no cng c mt s cn bo b vo t lin nc ta (bnh qun 4 cn bo/nm). Vn phng chng thin tai, tm kim-cu nn trn bin ang l vn rt cp bch, v kh nng ny ca nc ta cn rt hn ch, trong khi vn tm kim-cu nn trn bin khng ch v i ni, m cn l vn i ngoi, l trch nhim ca nc ch nh trn cc vng bin thuc ch quyn v quyn ti phn quc gia ca mnh. Bin ng v ang cho chng ta nhiu li ch lm giu cho T quc; ng thi cng ang i hi chng ta phi u t ln hn na v tin ca, sc lc v tr tu ca con ngi, Bin ng c th tip tc ng gp ngy cng nhiu hn vo s nghip xy dng thnh cng T quc Vit Nam x hi ch ngha, mnh v bin, c v tr v tm cao xng ng trong thi i mi ca loi ngi - "thi i bin". b) Bin ng vi quc phng, an ninh ca Vit Nam - Trong lch s dn tc, nhiu ln k th xm lc t nc ta t hng bin. T thi cc Vua Hng dng nc, nhn dn ta to dng nn truyn thng gii dng thuyn, tho thy chin. Nhiu chin cng vang di trn sng bin ghi m du n trong lch s dn tc. T th k XVI, nc ta bt u c quan h thng thng vi mt s nc phng Ty ang trn pht trin ch ngha t bn. Bng ng bin, cc thng gia, cc gio s phng Ty xm nhp Vit Nam vi danh ngha bun bn v truyn gio, nhng thc cht l cp ca ci, gy dng c s chnh tr, chun b cho chin tranh xm lc nc ta vo na sau th k XIX. Sau cch mng thng Tm 1945, trong hai cuc khng chin chng Php v chng M, cc o qun xm lc u n nc ta t hng bin. C Php v M u da vo bin vn chuyn qun i v vt cht phc v cho chin tranh xm lc. Hi qun ca chng t bin tin theo cc dng sng vo su trong lc a nc ta tham gia cc cuc hnh qun cn qut, bnh nh. V pha ta, d cha c Hi qun (trong khng chin chng Php) hoc Hi qun cn rt non tr (trong khng chin chng M), nhng bng th trn chin tranh nhn dn rng khp trn sng bin, qun dn ta nh chm v nh chy, hng hng ngn tu ch (Php 603 tu, M 7.492 tu); ph hy nhiu kho tng, bn cng v hng triu tn v kh n, t chy hng trm triu lt xng du ca ch ven sng, ven bin. Tuy nhin, phi tha nhn mt thc t l: Trong hai cuc khng chin ni trn, ch hu nh lm ch hon ton trn bin; chng ta ch nh c tu ch khi chng vo ni a. Do c im a hnh ca nc ta (di v hp), trong hai cuc khng chin chng Php v chng M, vn ti bin ca ta c vai tr c bit quan trng (c giai on l cch duy nht) trong vic chi vin cc chin trng b c lp. Ngc li, trong khng chin chng M, ch tin hnh phong ta bin ngn chn s chi vin ca th gii cho nc ta v s chi vin ca min Bc cho min Nam. Bin ng cng l con ng rt khi nc ta ca cc o qun xm lc n t phng Ty. Sau khi t nc thng nht, cc th lc th ch tip tc dng Bin ng ln lt tin hnh cc hot ng chng i nc ta. T Bin ng, chng kch ng nhng ngi mun ri khi t nc ra i t, bt hp php bng ng bin, hng gy mt n nh v chnh tr - x hi, ri lon v an ninh - trt t, phc v cho mu ca chng l lt chnh quyn x hi ch ngha nc ta. Sau khi rt qun khi Vit Nam (1973), M vn gi thi th ch vi Vit Nam. Trn Bin ng, Hm i 7 ca M vn tip tc c mt sn sng c cc hnh ng qun s cn thit khng ch i vi Vit Nam m cn i vi cc nc trong khu vc. T khi t nc thc hin cng cuc i mi, Bin ng tr thnh ca m ln giao lu gia nc ta vi th gii. Cc th lc th ch li dng ca m ln ny xm nhp nc ta, tin hnh cc hot ng gin ip, ph hoi v chnh tr v kinh t, truyn b vn ha phm i try..., gy kh khn cho ta v bo m trt t an ninh x hi. - Bin ng ang tn ti nhng nhn t gy mt n nh, tc ng tiu cc ti quc phng - an ninh ca nc ta. l s tn ti nhng tranh chp bin, o rt quyt lit v phc tp; c s can thip ca cc nc ln, lm cho tnh hnh trong khu vc phc tp cng tr nn phc tp hn; s thiu nht qun v ng thun ca mt s nc trong khu vc. Vn phn nh ranh gii cc vng bin v thm lc a gia cc nc c bin tip gip nhau, trong nhiu nc (Trung Quc, Campuchia, Thi Lan, Malaixia, Innxia) tranh chp vi Vit Nam. Vit Nam k vi Thi Lan hip nh v phn nh ranh gii trn bin gia hai nc trong Vnh Thi Lan (c hiu lc t ngy 27-2-1998) nhng trong Vnh Thi Lan vn ang tn ti vng chng ln lin quan ti ba nc (Vit Nam, Thi Lan, Mailaixia). Vit Nam v Trung Quc k kt hip nh phn nh Vnh Bc B, nhng khu vc gia Bin ng, Trung Quc vn tip tc thc hin ch trng ln chim bng khai thc, y mnh cc hot ng nh bt hi sn, nghin cu, thm d, kho st nh gi tim nng, tr lng ti nguyn bin trn din rng Bin ng. Theo s liu ta theo di c, Trung Quc thng xuyn duy tr hng ngn tu c nh bt hi sn, khong 15 tu thm d bin v gn 20 gin khoan hot ng khu vc vnh Bc B, t ca vnh Bc B n qun o Hong Sa v qun o Trng Sa, trong c nhiu ln chic vt qua ng phn nh Vnh Bc B, vo vng bin nc ta hot ng khai thc tri php. Trung Quc cn n phng ra lnh cm nh bt c Bin ng t v tuyn 12o Bc tr ln trong hai thng (t ngy 1 thng 6 n ngy 1 thng 8 hng nm, t nm 2001) th hin quyn ch quyn ca h. Campuchia v Vit Nam n nay vn cha k kt c hip nh phn nh bin gii bin nh lnh o cp cao hai nc tha thun (vo trc cui nm 2000). Campuchia cn phn i hip nh phn nh ranh gii bin c k kt gia Vit Nam v Thi Lan; vn tip tc vi phm nhng tho thun v vng nc lch s gia Vit Nam v Campuchia m hai nc k kt. Vit Nam v Innxia c vng bin chng ln rng 42.000 km2. Qua 16 vng m phn, thu hp vng bin chng ln xung cn 4.500 km2; n nm 1993, Innxia ph nhn kt qu m phn, i m phn li t u. Sau Innxia cn k kt hip nh vi nc ngoi thm d, khai thc vt qua vng chng ln sang thm lc a ca Vit Nam. Ngy 26-6-2003, nhn chuyn thm chnh thc Vit Nam ca Tng thng Innxia, hai bn k Hip nh phn nh ranh gii thm lc a Vit Nam - Innxia. Gia Vit Nam v Malaixia c vng chng ln rng khong 2.500 km2. Nm 1992, hai nc tha thun hp tc thm d, khai thc chung vng chng ln; cn vic phn nh ranh gii s gii quyt sau. Ngoi ra, c khong 800 km2 lin quan ti Vit Nam trong vng khai thc chung gia Thi Lan v Malaixia rng 7.250 km2 cng cha c gii quyt. Vn tranh chp ch quyn hai qun o Hong Sa v Trng Sa (vn thuc ch quyn ca Vit Nam t th k XVII). Theo cc ti liu c c, Nh nc phong kin Vit Nam di Triu Nguyn xc lp v duy tr s c mt v mt Nh nc thc s, lin tc v ho bnh trn hai qun o ny t nht t th k XVII n th k XX. C thi k Php cai tr ng Dng, Php cng khng nh v cng c ch quyn trn hai qun o ny ca Vit Nam m h c trch nhim i din v mt i ngoi. Cho n u th k XX, khng mt quc gia no tranh chp vi Vit Nam v hai qun o ny. Nm 1921, Trung Quc bt u tranh chp vi chnh quyn Php ng Dng v ch quyn trn o Hong Sa v t thp k 80 ca th k XX Trung Quc mi t vn tranh chp qun o Trng Sa. Li dng khi Php rt khi ng Dng, nm 1956 Trung Quc chim ng nhm o pha ng qun o Hong Sa. Nm 1974, li dng lc qun M va rt khi Vit Nam, Trung Quc dng v lc nh chim nt nhm o pha ty qun o Hong Sa t tay ca qun i Ngy Si Gn. Trung Quc tch cc xy dng qun o ny thnh bn p tin hnh cc hot ng qun s Bin ng. Qun o Trng Sa c coi l ni c tranh chp phc tp v c nhiu bn lin quan nht trn th gii. Hin nay, ngoi Vit Nam ra, cn c qun i ca Philppin (t 1971), Malaixia (t 1983), Trung Quc (t 1988), chim ng mt s o v bi trn qun o Trng Sa. Nm 1946, qun i Tng Gii Thch b ln o Ba Bnh l o ln nht trong qun o ny v chim gi cho n ngy nay. Nh vy, c ti 5 bn lin quan n tranh chp ch quyn trn qun o Trng Sa. Bng nhng n lc, kin tr ca nhiu nc lin quan v gii quyt tranh chp bng m phn ha bnh, khng s dng v lc hoc e do dng v lc, ngy 4-11-2002 ti Phnmpnh (Campuchia) cc nc ASEAN v Trung Quc k Tuyn b v cch ng x ca cc bn Bin ng (DOC). Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng n lc gii quyt tranh chp trn bin bng ho bnh, vn tn ti nguy c xy ra xung t v trang nh tng xy ra nm 1974 v nm 1988. Bin ng cng cc hi o l ni ang din ra cc tranh chp phc tp v quyt lit v ch quyn gia cc quc gia, y ti xu hng tng cng lc lng qun s, c bit l hi qun ca cc nc trong vng. Nhng nc c lc lng ln v kinh t v qun s ang s dng u th ca mnh trn bin xm phm ch quyn trn vng bin, vng thm lc a ca nc ta v ca cc nc khc ven Bin ng, hng ginh cc ngun li bin v khng ch cc hot ng trn Bin ng. Nhn nh ny cho n nay vn hon ton chnh xc. Tnh hnh trn Bin ng ang cn din bin phc tp, mc cng thng Trng Sa gia tng do Trung Quc, i Loan v c Philppin, Malaixia y mnh cc hot ng ln chim, trinh st, kho st v khai thc ti nguyn, xy dng mi cc c s ang chim ng. y l ng thi mi ta phi ht sc cnh gic trong nhim v bo v ch quyn bin o. Tm li, bin v i dng ngy cng c vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh tn ti, pht trin ca nhn loi. Ngy nay, tin ra bin, khai thc bin v i dng tr thnh xu hng tt yu khch quan v l mi quan tm ca tt c cc nc c bin v khng c bin. Hin nay, Bin ng ang l ni tn ti nhng mu thun chnh tr v kinh t ca th gii. Cc nc trong khu vc ang c s tranh chp gy gt v ch quyn, quyn ch quyn trn bin, o. S can thip nhm tranh ginh li ch v nh hng ca cc cng quc vo Bin ng lm cho tnh hnh y cng thm phc tp. Bin ng ang tp trung nhng mt i lp; thun li v kh khn, hp tc v chng i, b bn v th ch... Tt c nhng yu t ang nh hng trc tip n s nghip pht trin kinh t v bo m quc phng - an ninh trn bin ca nc ta trong nhng nm ti. Bin ng c vai tr quan trng trong nghip xy dng v bo v T quc Vit Nam x hi ch ngha. Bin ng cng ang tim n nhng nguy c dn n mt n nh v l mi quan tm trong chin lc ca cc nc trong khu vc v nhng nc ln trn th gii. V vy, tng cng quc phng - an ninh bo v bin o l yu cu cp bch ca s nghip xy dng v bo v T quc tnh hnh mi. II. Ni dung qun l, bo v ch quyn bin o vit nam trong tnh hnh mi 1. Mc tiu qun l, bo v bin, o a) Gi vng c lp, ch quyn ton vn lnh th, li ch quc gia trn bin gn lin vi ch ngha x hi Trong nhng nm cui th k XX, u th k XXI, tnh hnh th gii c nhiu bin i. M vi v tr siu cng tin hnh mt lot cc cuc chin tranh vng Vnh (1991), Cxv Nam T (1999). c bit, sau s kin ngy 11 - 9 - 2001, M tin hnh chin tranh pganixtan (2001), I-rc (2003), v gn y nht (2011) NATO do M cm u tin hnh chin tranh Lybia, t th gii trc nhng thch thc nghim trng, e do ha bnh, n nh trn th gii v an ninh ca cc quc gia. Hin nay, cch mng khoa hc cng ngh tip tc pht trin mnh m y nhanh xu th ton cu ha kinh t, to ra nhng mt tch cc v mt tiu cc; nhng c hi v thch thc trong qu trnh hi nhp ca nc ta v cc nc. Trong khu vc ng Nam , mc d hi nhp, hp tc, ho bnh, n nh ang l xu hng chung, chim u th nhng vn ang tn ti nhng nhn t gy mt n nh, c tc ng khng t n s pht trin nng ng, bn vng ca cc nc ASEAN. Vn tranh chp ch quyn bin, o trn Bin ng vn cha c gii quyt. C s can thip ca cc nc ln, ch yu l s tranh ginh nh hng, dn xp gia Trung Quc v M gia tng, tc ng ti chnh sch ca mt s nc ASEAN, lm phc tp thm tnh hnh v s gn kt gia cc nc trong khu vc vn lng lo cng thm lng lo. Trong bi cnh mi ca th gii v khu vc nh vy, gii quyt ng n mi quan h song phng v a phng gia nc ta vi cc nc l vn c ngha cc k ln, quyt nh n vn mnh ca quc gia, dn tc: ha bnh, n nh, hp tc, pht trin hay mt n nh, chin tranh, i ngho, tt hu. Hi ngh Trung ng 8 (Kha IX) ca ng xc nh: Kin nh mc tiu c lp dn tc gn lin vi ch ngha x hi; ly vic gi vng mi trng ha bnh, n nh pht trin kinh t - x hi l li ch cao nht ca t nc1. Qun trit tinh thn trong qun l bo v bin, o, chng ta phi kin tr mc tiu gi vng c lp, ch quyn, ton vn lnh th, li ch quc gia, dn tc trn bin gn lin vi ch ngha x hi; ng thi phi ly gi vng mi trng ha bnh, n nh lu di l li ch cao nht. Gi vng c lp, ch quyn, ton vn lnh th, li ch quc gia, dn tc trn bin gn lin vi ch ngha x hi l trch nhim, ngha v thing ling ca mi cng dn Vit Nam. Trong Hin php nm 1980 v 1992, quy nh: "Nc Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam l mt nc c lp, c ch quyn, thng nht v ton vn lnh th, bao gm t lin, vng tri, vng bin v cc hi o". iu 13 cn ni r hn: "T quc Vit Nam x hi ch ngha l thing ling v bt kh xm phm". Bt kh xm phm v ton vn lnh th l mt trong nhng nguyn tc c bn c lut php quc t hin i cng nhn. N bt ngun t nguyn tc tn trng ch quyn quc gia, tn trng quyn ti cao ca quc gia i vi lnh th. Bt kh xm phm lnh th c ngha l khng c xm phm lnh th ca mt quc gia bng v lc hay cc p lc khc. Cn ton vn lnh th c ngha l nghim cm chia ct lnh th hoc xm chim mt phn lnh th ca bt k quc gia no. Hai khi nim ny tuy c nhiu im ging nhau nhng li c lp vi nhau. Chng c th xem l hai mt ca nguyn tc bt kh xm phm v ton vn lnh th. iu 2, khon 4 ca Hin chng Lin hp quc ghi r: "Tt c cc thnh vin Lin hp quc cn phi t kim ch, khng c e da hoc s dng v lc chng li s ton vn lnh th hoc nn c lp chnh tr ca bt k nc no hoc bng bt c cch no khc tri vi cc mc ch ca Lin hp quc". Mc d c lp, ch quyn, ton vn lnh th v li ch quc gia ca cc dn tc c lut php quc t cng nhn, song cc nc quc v cc th lc bnh trng vn lun tm mi m mu, qu k, th on xm phm. Thc tin lch s ca dn tc ta cho thy, thc hin c mc tiu gi vng c lp, ch quyn lnh th v li ch quc gia, dn tc, ton ng, ton qun, ton dn ta phi tri qua gn na th k u tranh gian kh, hy sinh bao nhiu xng mu mi ginh c. ng thi cng cho thy, ch c ng Cng sn v Nh nc x hi ch ngha mi em li m no, t do v hnh phc cho nhn dn ta. S nghip i mi do ng ta khi xng v lnh o t nm 1986 n nay t c nhiu thnh tu rt to ln. Trong nhng nm ti, nhn dn ta quyt tm y mnh cng cuc i mi xy dng v pht trin t nc theo nh hng x hi ch ngha, lm cho dn giu, nc mnh, cng bng, dn ch, vn minh. i vi Vit Nam, T quc l T quc x hi ch ngha. T quc phi gn vi ng Cng sn v ch x hi ch ngha, gn vi s nghip i mi do ng lnh o. V vy, kin quyt bo v c lp, ch quyn, ton vn lnh th v li ch quc gia, dn tc trn bin phi gn vi ch ngha x hi, gn vi bo v ng, Nh nc, nhn dn v ch x hi ch ngha; gn vi bo v s nghip i mi v bn sc vn ha dn tc. Bo v c lp ch quyn ton vn lnh th v li ch quc gia dn tc l mc tiu bt di, bt dch ca ng, Nh nc v nhn dn ta. b) Gi vng mi trng ha bnh, n nh lu di l li ch cao nht Tri qua nhng chng ng y kh khn, gian kh ca hai cuc khng chin lin tip, ht chng thc dn Php li chng quc M gii phng dn tc, ginh c lp, thng nht t nc, nhn dn ta hun c cho mnh tnh yu ha bnh thit tha, nim mong mun s n nh lu di, bn vng xy dng v pht trin t nc. Trong nhng nm qua, chng ta kin tr phn u theo ng li i ngoi ca ng l: "Thc hin nht qun ng li i ngoi c lp t ch, rng m, a phng ha, a dng ha cc quan h quc t. Vit Nam sn sng l bn, l i tc tin cy ca cc nc trong cng ng quc t, phn u v ho bnh, c lp v pht trin" ph th b bao vy cm vn, to mi trng ha bnh, n nh, tranh th nhng iu kin quc t thun li cho cng cuc xy dng v bo v T quc. y l mt trong nhng thnh tu quan trng nht ca ng, Nh nc v nhn dn ta sau hn 20 nm i mi. T i hi VII, ng ta ra ng li i ngoi c lp t ch, a phng ha, a dng ha cc mi quan h quc t theo tinh thn Vit Nam mun l bn vi cc nc trong cng ng th gii. ng li i ngoi ny n nay vn ang tip tc c qun trit, pht trin gi vng ha bnh, n nh lu di. T tng m rng quan h nhiu mt, song phng v a phng cc quan h quc t trong ng li i ngoi ca ng ta th hin quan im c lp t ch, khng bt c mt th lc no li ko. c lp t ch chnh l t mnh quyt nh cc vn v ng li, chnh sch, cc mc tiu v cc quyt sch v hot ng i ni v i ngoi ph hp vi li ch v ngha v quc gia, thch ng vi xu th thi i. chnh l thc hin quyn t quyt trong quan h quc t, khng chu s p t v v quyn li t bt c pha no. a phng ha l ni n nhiu i tc trong quan h, nhng vn c u tin nht nh i vi cc i tc truyn thng v "i tc chin lc"; a dng ha l ni n vic s dng nhiu hnh thc quan h thc hin a phng ha. y l chnh sch ngoi giao mm do, cho php ta "thm bn, bt th", to iu kin quc t thun li tranh th cc ngun lc bn ngoi cho pht trin t nc. Thi gian qua, ng v Chnh ph ta mt mt ch ng, tch cc u tranh kin quyt vi nhng hot ng xm phm ch quyn, li ch quc gia, dn tc ca ta, chng m mu "Din bin ha bnh" v cc hot ng li dng chiu bi "dn ch", "t do tn gio" can thip vo cng vic ni b ca nc ta. Mt khc cng rt ch ng, tch cc gii quyt tng bc nhng tn ti v bin gii lnh th trn bin v t lin vi cc nc lin quan nhm cng c v thc y cc quan h hu ngh, hp tc, gp phn cng c ho bnh, an ninh khu vc, ng thi tng cng th v lc ca t nc thc hin hai nhim v chin lc xy dng v bo v T quc. Chng ta k Tha thun khai thc chung vng bin chng ln vi Malaixia; k Hip nh phn nh vng bin chng ln vi Thi Lan v thc hin tun tra chung trn vng bin chng ln; k Hip nh v bin gii trn b v phn nh vnh Bc B vi Trung Quc; k Hip nh phn nh ranh gii thm lc a vi Innxia... v ang xc tin m phn vi Campuchia i ti k Hip nh v bin gii trn bin. Ch c gi vng ha bnh, n nh lu di mi c th xy dng v pht trin t nc. Ho bnh, n nh l iu kin tin quyt xy dng t nc giu mnh, x hi cng bng, dn ch, vn minh, nhn dn m no, hnh phc. V vy, gi vng ha bnh, n nh lu di tr thnh li ch cao nht trong giai on hin nay. Mc tiu qun l, bo v bin, o l s th hin c th ng li nht qun ca ng, Nh nc ta trong s nghip xy dng v bo v T quc. N ph hp vi mc tiu chung ca ng v nhn ta l c lp dn tc gn lin vi ch ngha x hi, lm cho dn giu, nc mnh, x hi cng bng, dn ch, vn minh. t c mc tiu qun l, bo v bin, o cn gii quyt ng n cc vn lin quan ti bin, o trn c s nm vng v iu chnh cc mi quan h trn bin gia quc gia, dn tc vi cng ng quc t mt cch hp l bng cch: - Kt hp hi ho li ch quc gia, dn tc trn bin vi li ch ca dn tc khc theo tinh thn tn trng c lp, ch quyn, khng can thip vo cng vic ni b ca nhau, hp tc i bn cng c li; - Kt hp ni lc vi tn dng sc mnh thi i, trn c s ni lc l chnh. S ng tnh, gip ca cng ng quc t c th tranh th c nhiu hay t, cng nh sc mnh ca thi i c th tn dng c hay khng l tu thuc vo ta, c pht huy c tinh thn c lp, t lc, t cng; c lm r trch nhim v ngha v ca nc ta i vi cc vn khu vc v ton cu th mi c th nm vng v iu chnh cc mi quan h trn bin gia quc gia, dn tc vi cng ng quc t mt cch hp l. 2. Nhim v qun l, bo v bin, o a) Qun l cht ch, bo v vng chc ch quyn, ton vn lnh th v li ch quc gia, dn tc trn bin bo v vng chc ton vn lnh th v li ch quc gia, dn tc trn bin cn thc hin tt vic qun l, bo v ch quyn, quyn ch quyn v quyn ti phn quc gia trn cc vng bin. Vng bin nc ta ngy nay bao gm vng ni thu, lnh hi, vng tip gip lnh hi, vng c quyn v kinh t v thm lc a, cc o v qun o, trong c hai qun o Hong Sa v Trng Sa thuc ch quyn, ca nc ta trn Bin ng. Bo v ch quyn quc gia trn bin, c th hiu theo ngha rng l bo v cc quyn ca quc gia theo cc ch php l khc nhau, ph hp vi lut php quc t, trn cc vng nc ni thy, vng nc lch s, trn cc hi o ca T quc. Bo v quyn ch quyn quc gia vng c quyn v kinh t v thm lc a l bo v c quyn ca quc gia v bo tn, qun l, thm d, khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin bin nhng ni ; thc cht l bo v li ch kinh t vng c quyn v kinh t v thm lc a ca quc gia. Nh vy, ch quyn v li ch quc gia trn bin gn b vi nhau rt mt thit. Cc hot ng thm d, khai thc ti nguyn (cc hot ng v mc ch kinh t), bo v mi trng... vng c quyn v kinh t v thm lc a, c xem nh biu hin c th ca quyn ch quyn ca quc gia. ng ta ra ch trng vn ng ng dn nh bt hi sn xa b, di ngy v pht trin mnh kinh t bin kt hp vi bo v vng bin l xut pht t ngha ny. Ch trng lm ch bng khai thc ca nc ngoi trn vng bin thuc quyn ch quyn ca Vit Nam trong tranh chp bin, o nhng nm qua cng xut pht t ngha . Nhng hnh ng thm d, khai thc ti nguyn tri php ca tu thuyn nc ngoi vng c quyn v kinh t v thm lc a (c khi vo c lnh hi v ni thu) din ra trong nhiu nm qua, va vi phm quyn ch quyn, va gy thit hi cho li ch quc gia trn bin ca nc ta. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn khin cho tnh trng trn chm chm dt l s yu km v kh nng khai thc ti nguyn bin ca nc ta. Trc khi thc hin chng trnh nh c xa b, ngnh hi sn nc ta mi ch khai thc vng nc ven b ( su 30 m tr li), chim khong 10% din tch cu vng c quyn v kinh t. Cc hot ng nghin cu khoa hc, kho st mi trng v ti nguyn cha p ng c yu cu ca khai thc trn ton b din tch ca vng c quyn v kinh t v thm lc a. C th ni mt cch nghim tc, cho n nay chng ta cha thc s lm ch c vng c quyn v kinh t v thm lc a ca mnh. V vy, vic y mnh cc hot ng thm d, khai thc ti nguyn xa b l rt cp thit. Trc mt cn tp trung n lc thc hin nh hng pht trin kinh t khu vc bin v hi o trong chin lc pht trin kinh t x hi 2011 2015 theo nh sng ngh quyt i hi ln th XI ca ng. Cn tr ln nht trn con ng tin ra khai thc v lm ch bin khi ca nhn dn ta hin nay l m mu v hnh ng bnh trng lnh th trn bin ca nc ngoi. Ch quyn v ton vn lnh th trn vng bin ca quc gia ang b xm phm: ton b qun o Hong Sa v nhiu o, bi trong qun o Trng Sa ang b nc ngoi chim ng; cc hnh ng ln chim, m rng lnh th ca nc ngoi vn ang tip din. Trong nhiu nm lin tc cho n nay, tu thuyn nc ngoi thng xuyn xm nhp thm lc a pha ng nam nc ta, tin hnh kho st thm d ti nguyn (thm ch cn k kt hp ng khai thc vi nc th ba, ngoi khu vc); ng thi gy cn tr cho ta trong vic thm d, chun b khai thc du kh, gy ra tnh hnh rt cng thng, hng to ra nhng vng tranh chp mi thu hp vng c quyn v kinh t v thm lc a ca nc ta. Theo bo co ca Tng Cng ty du kh Vit Nam, thm lc a nc ta, tnh c vng qun o Hong Sa v qun o Trng Sa, rng trn mt triu kilmt vung, c chia thnh 170 l thm d, khai thc du kh, c ti 69 l nm cc vng tranh chp, trong c 30 l khu vc qun o Hong Sa v 16 l khu vc Trng Sa. nhng khu vc tranh chp, vic thm d, khai thc ti nguyn l rt kh khn, thm ch khng thc hin c. Ngay c nhng vng nc ngoi to ra tranh chp mi trn thm lc a gn b ca ta, vic thm d, chun b khai thc du kh ca ta cng phi tin hnh trong tnh hnh rt cng thng bi uy hip v e da ca nc ngoi. Nh vy, hin nay trn mt phn din tch khng nh ca vng c quyn v kinh t v thm lc a ca nc ta cha ng quyn ch quyn mt cch vng chc. Do , Bo v ch quyn, gi vng ho bnh v n nh trn cc vng bin l iu kin tin quyt, l tin cn thit pht trin khai thc bin v tng bc tin ra bin mt cch vng chc1. Mun khai thc li ch ca bin, trc ht phi lm ch bin mt cch vng chc. Tng cng quc phng an ninh trn bin to iu kin cho pht trin kinh t bin l ni dung cp thit hng u trong bo v bin, o trong tnh hnh mi. Xy dng Quc gia Vit Nam mnh v bin v pht trin kinh t bin tr thnh b phn mi nhn ca nn kinh t quc dn l mt mc tiu chin lc, ng thi l nhim v bc bch ang t dn tc ta trc thch thc ln trn Bin ng1. 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Bin l mi trng c iu kin thin nhin khc nghit v nhiu bin ng, li l mi trng m, thng xuyn c s giao lu quc t, nn i hi v bo m an ninh, trt t an ton x hi li cng cao hn. Din bin ca tnh hnh an ninh, trt t an ton x hi trn bin rt phc tp, c bit l phi tin hnh trong iu kin quy ch php l khng ng nht gia cc vng nc khc nhau trn bin. Bo v an ninh, trt t an ton x hi trn bin khng ch mang tnh cht i ni m cn mang tnh cht i ngoi; l s th hin nng lc lm ch vng bin quc gia ca nc ven bin trc cng ng th gii v khu vc. Cng do bin l mi trng m, cc lung vn ho, t tng c hi d dng t xm nhp t lin; do bo v an ninh, trt t an ton x hi trn bin lin quan cht ch vi bo v vn ho. Vng ven bin l vng chuyn tip gia bin vi t lin, l cn c tin ra bin v l ni thu nhn cc ngun li khai thc c t bin. Bin v vng ven bin gn b rt cht ch vi nhau c v kinh t ln quc phng - an ninh. T xa ti nay, quan h gia bin v b vn l: b c mnh th bin mi mnh, bin c mnh mi che ch v h tr cho b pht trin. Vic xc nh ranh gii vng ven bin ph thuc vo mc ch nghin cu v hot ng ca tng lnh vc, do thng mang tnh cht c l, l ranh gii mm, c th trng hoc khng trng vi ranh gii hnh chnh. nc ta hin nay, trong thu thp, x l v tnh ton cc s liu p ng yu cu ca quy hoch tng th pht trin kinh t bin v vng ven bin trn phm vi c nc, phn khng gian trn t lin ca vng ven bin c xc nh theo mt ranh gii cng, gm a gii hnh chnh ca ton b cc thnh ph v cc huyn th gip bin t Mng Ci n H Tin. i vi quc phng - an ninh, ranh gii ny l cha , m phi vn dng mt ranh gii mm cho ph hp vi tng loi a hnh v tnh hnh kinh t - x hi ca tng a phng. Ni dung ch yu ca bo v an ninh, trt t an ton x hi v vn ho trn bin v vng ven bin l: - Bo v an ninh quc gia trn mi lnh vc: chnh tr, t tng, vn ho, khoa hc cng ngh, quc phng - an ninh...; - Ngn chn kp thi ngi v phng tin xm nhp t lin tin hnh cc hot ng ph hoi, gy ri, lm gin ip, truyn b vn ho i try v thc hin cc hnh vi ti phm khc; - Bo v lao ng sn xut, tnh mng v ti sn ca Nh nc v nhn dn trn bin v ven bin; - Bo m trt t, an ton giao thng trn bin v ven bin; - Bo v mi trng, x l cc v nhim mi trng; - Phng chng v khc phc hu qu thin tai; - Thc hin tm kim - cu nn; - Phng nga v ch ng cc xung t v tranh ginh li ch gia cc t chc v c nhn trong s dng v khai thc bin. Trong nhng nm qua, cng tc bo v an ninh, trt t an ton x hi trn bin v vng ven bin c nhiu thnh tch, gp phn quan trng vo vic gi gn n nh chnh tr - x hi ca t nc, to c mi trng thun li cho pht huy ni lc v thu ht u t ca nc ngoi pht trin kinh t bin. Bn cnh cng cn nhng yu km v s h cn khc phc: - Cng tc bo v trt t an ninh trn bin cha p ng c cc yu cu mi do ch quyn v quyn ti phn trn bin ca quc gia cha c thc thi y ; cc hot ng thm d, khai thc, s dng bin ngy cng tng v a dng, bao gm nhiu loi i tng (trong nc, nc ngoi, nhiu thnh phn kinh t). - Nn bun lu, cp bin, nh bt c bt hp php, s dng cht n, kch in v cht c khai thc hi sn... ko di trong nhiu nm, n nay cha chm dt. Nn bun lu trn bin c chiu hng gia tng v din bin phc tp bng nhng th on tinh vi, xo quyt, c phng tin hin i v t chc cht ch. - Hin tng tranh chp ng trng dn n xung t gia tu c trong nc vi tu c nc ngoi khng c pht hin v x l kp thi, cha kim sot cht ch hot ng ca tu thuyn trn bin, nht l ngoi khi xa. - Nguy c nhim bin ang ngy cng gia tng; mi trng sinh thi b ph hoi, c ni l nghim trng. - V li ch cc b, mt s t chc, ngnh n phng ng ra hp tc vi mt s i tng, gy thit hi v kinh t, khng bo m vic qun l Nh nc v an ninh, trt t trn bin. Mt s c quan n v s dng phng tin ca Nh nc tham gia bun lu, trn thu, hoc bao che tip tay cho bn bun lu. Nhn chung, bc tranh ton cnh v an ninh trt t trn bin cho n nay l: Cc lc lng, cc ngnh bo v an ninh trn bin trong thi gian qua hot ng trong iu kin kh khn v khch quan cng nh ch quan. Tuy mi trng an ninh, trt t trn bin tng i n nh tng giai on, nhng trn thc t, tnh hnh mt bin vn ht sc phc tp v cha ng nhiu nguy c: Ti nguyn sinh vt trong vng ni thu, lnh hi b khai thc ba bi ngy cng cn kit; vng bin xa, tu nc ngoi hot ng cha kim sot c; bun lu ng bin ang tnh trng nghim trng; trn cp xy ra nhiu, c v ht sc nghim trng; an ton mi sinh mc bo ng; vnh ai hi o phng th ven bin cn c mt lng lo, nc ngoi c th li dng s h thm nhp. Trong nhng nm ti, cuc tranh chp bin, o trn vng bin nc ta cn tip tc din bin phc tp v quyt lit, tt yu s nh hng xu ti an ninh trt t trn bin v vng ven bin, cng nh trong ni a; ca m ln ca t nc s tip tc m rng hn, tu thuyn v ngi nc ngoi ra vo nc ta ngy cng nhiu hn, nhng th c hi li dng vo theo cng s tng ln; t nn x hi, cc hnh vi phm php tip tc din ra phc tp. Tnh hnh i hi chng ta phi tng cng (ch khng phi ch cng c) kh nng bo v an ninh, trt t an ton x hi v vn ho trn bin v vng ven bin, nhm p ng yu cu ngy cng cao ca s nghip xy dng v bo v T quc trong th k XXI. c) Bo v ng, Nh nc, nhn dn v ch x hi ch ngha; bo v s nghip i mi trn hng bin ng, Nh nc, nhn dn v ch x hi ch ngha l mt th thng nht, v Nh nc ta t di s lnh o ca ng, l Nh nc x hi ch ngha, ca dn, do dn, v dn. V vy, bo v ng gn lin vi bo v Nh nc, bo v nhn dn v ch x hi ch ngha. Bo v ng trc ht l bo v l tng v mc tiu cch mng ca ng, c th trong giai on hin nay l bo v ng li xy dng ch ngha x hi ca ng, lm cho ng li i vo cuc sng v thc hin thng li trn t nc ta. Bo v ng khng n thun ch bng cc bin php v trang, m phi bng cuc u tranh su sc trn tt c cc lnh vc chnh tr - t tng, vn ho - x hi, kinh t, ngoi giao, gio dc... Trong iu kin ng cm quyn, bo v ng l bo v s lnh o ca ng i vi Nh nc, bo m mi ng li ch trng ca ng c thc hin thng li thng qua h thng vn bn php lut v s iu hnh ca Nh nc. gi vng quyn lnh o ca ng, cn phi xy dng, chnh n ng, nng cao nng lc lnh o v sc chin u ca ng ln ngang tm vi i hi ca s lnh o t nc trong tnh hnh mi; ng thi phi cng c v lm tng lng tin ca qun chng nhn dn i vi s lnh o ca ng v s iu hnh ca Nh nc. Nhng thnh tu v yu km trong cng cuc i mi, xy dng v bo v T quc gn lin vi trch nhim lnh o ca ng v nhng u im, khuyt im trong cng tc xy dng ng"1. Mc tiu chin lc xy dng nc ta tr thnh mt nc mnh v bin c vai tr quyt nh i vi s thnh cng ca s nghip i mi do ng ta khi xng v lnh o. V vy, phn u t c mc tiu chin lc l thit thc bo v s nghip i mi, lm tng thm lng tin ca nhn dn i vi ng, Nh nc v ch x hi ch ngha. Trong qu trnh i mi t nc, ng c ch th, ngh quyt chuyn v pht trin kinh t bin, nh kinh t bin nc ta c bc pht trin ng k, ang pht huy vai tr to ln trong nn kinh t quc dn. ng cng ch ra: Trong pht trin kinh t bin cng ang bc l mt s mt yu km do nhn thc v bin cha y ; thiu chin lc pht trin tng th... Cc ngnh v cc a phng pht trin kinh t bin cha theo mt quy hoch tng th, cha hnh thnh c cu c hiu qu kinh t - x hi cao...1. i hi i biu ton quc ln th X ca ng sau khi nu ln nhng thnh tu quan trng ca s nghip xy dng v bo v T quc trong 5 nm qua, ch ra nguyn nhn ca nhng yu km, khuyt im, trong c T duy ca ng trn mt s lnh vc chm i mi; s ch o t chc thc hin ngh quyt, ch trng chnh sch ca ng cha tt; mt b phn cn b, ng vin, k c mt s cn b ch cht, yu km v phm cht v nng lc2. Nh vy, nhn thc v bin, nng lc iu hnh, k lut cha nghim l nhng yu km, khuyt im ca cc cp, cc ngnh cn khc phc y mnh pht trin kinh t bin. iu cn nhn mnh l: tnh trng tham nhng v s suy thoi v t tng chnh tr, o c, li sng ca mt b phn khng nh cn b, ng vin ang cn tr vic thc hin ng li, ch trng, chnh sch ca ng, gy bt bnh v lm gim lng tin trong nhn dn... Mt s ngi v c quan do li ch c nhn, cc b khng mun y mnh ci cch hnh chnh, ci cch t chc b my nh nc. Khng t cn b, cng chc va km v o c, phm cht, va yu v nng lc, trnh chuyn mn v k nng nghip v. y l nhng lc cn bn trong ca ng v cc c quan Nh nc, c quan chnh quyn cc cp, cc ngnh, lm suy gim nng lc lnh o ca ng v nng lc qun l, iu hnh ca Nh nc, lm suy gim lng tin ca nhn dn ta, l nguy c bin cht, bin mu ng v Nh nc. i mi l s nghip ca nhn dn, do nhn dn, v nhn dn. V vy, bo v s nghip i mi do ng khi xng v lnh o, phi bo v nhn dn. Bo v nhn dn l bn cht tt p ca ch ngha x hi. trn bin v vng ven bin, bo v nhn dn bao gm; bo v cng cuc lao ng sn xut, tnh mng v ti sn ca nhn dn trn bin v ven bin, chng thin tai, ch ho v cc ri ro khc; bo v li ch v quyn cng dn ca nhn dn c cc chnh sch ca ng v php lut ca Nh nc tha nhn; bo v mi trng sng, bo m cho nhn dn c sng trong mi trng t nhin v mi trng vn ho - x hi trong sch, lnh mnh. Trong nhng nm gn y, tnh hnh thi tit din bin bt thng, thin tai, l lt xy ra lin tip, gy nhiu thit hi cho nn kinh t, tnh mng v ti sn ca nhn dn. ng, Nh nc v cc lc lng v trang c nhng c gng ln trong vic cu gip nhn dn phng chng v khc phc hu qu thin tai l lt trn bin v vng ven bin, lm tng thm lng tin yu ca nhn dn i vi ng v ch x hi ch ngha. Mt khc, trong vn ny chng ta cng cn c nhng bt cp, nhng trng hp lc bt tng tm. V vy, bo v mi trng, nng cao nng lc d bo thi tit v kh nng phng chng thin tai, hn ch thit hi trn bin v vng ven bin, l nhng bin php cp thit cn c tin hnh bo v ngy cng c hiu qu hn cuc sng ca nhn dn mi trng t nhin khc nghit v y bin ng bt ng - mi trng bin. Nhng ni dung qun l, bo v bin, o trn y c quan h cht ch vi nhau, an xen vo nhau, ci n c trong ci kia, hnh thnh mt chnh th. Cc hot ng kinh t (thm d, khai thc ti nguyn) trn bin, t n l biu hin ca quyn lm ch v bo v li ch quc gia trn bin; hn na cn lm ch mt cch ho bnh, thng xuyn nht v hp php nht. Song, cc hot ng kinh t ch c th tin hnh c nhng ni ch quyn v ton vn lnh th quc gia, an ninh trt t an ton x hi c bo v vng chc. S pht trin ca quc phng - an ninh ph thuc vo s pht trin ca nn kinh t quc dn; mt khc, trong tnh hnh hin nay, tng cng quc phng - an ninh trn bin li l iu kin tin quyt v tin cn thit tin hnh cc hot ng kinh t trn bin; ng thi cng nhm bo v ng, bo v Nh nc x hi ch ngha v nhn dn trn hng bin. Cng tc an ninh trn bin mang c hai tnh cht i ni v i ngoi, nn gn b cht ch hn vi quc phng. trn bin, qun i (hi qun, b i bin phng, cnh st bin) phi trc tip lm nhim v an ninh. Mt hnh vi phm php ca tu thuyn nc ngoi, nu x l khng ng s dn n cng thng trong quan h vi nc ch qun tu, nh hng ti quan h gia hai nc. Thng xuyn tng cng s lnh o tuyt i, trc tip v mi mt ca ng v nng lc qun l, iu hnh ca Nh nc i vi s nghip qun l, bo v bin, o l yu t quan trng hng u trong cuc u tranh v mt nc Vit Nam x hi ch ngha mnh v bin trong th k XXI. 3. Phng thc qun l, bo v ch quyn bin, o Trn c s nn quc phng ton dn v th chin tranh nhn dn trn hng bin, ly khu vc phng th ven bin lm ch da, lc lng Hi qun lm nng ct; pht huy sc mnh tng hp ca c nc di s lnh o ca ng, kt hp cht ch sc mnh ca mi ngnh, mi lc lng trn hng bin, vn dng linh hot cc hnh thc u tranh vi tinh thn t lc l chnh qun l, bo v ch quyn, li ch quc gia trn cc vng bin; duy tr, gi vng an ninh trt t an ton x hi trn bin v vng ven bin; sn sng ngn chn, y li, nh thng cc hnh ng bo lc ca k th bo v bin, o. thc hin phng thc trn, cn gii quyt tt nhng vn ch yu sau: Mt l, trong bi cnh hin nay v trong nhng nm ti, tnh hnh trn Bin ng cn din bin phc tp. Khi x l cc tnh hung xy ra trn bin cn ht sc khn trng, thn trng. Mt mt phi nng cao tinh thn cnh gic, khng m h, ch quan khi phn tch nh gi tnh hnh trn bin, d bo ng m mu, , kh nng, th on ca nc ngoi c bin php i ph kp thi, ph hp. Mt khc, trong mi trng hp u phi tnh n nhng tc ng c th i vi mc tiu gi ho bnh, n nh x l, nhm trit tiu nhng nhn t nc ngoi c th li dng to c gy mt n nh, dn ti xung t v trang trn bin, y t nc vo tnh th kh khn. ng thi phi kin quyt u tranh y li 4 nguy c m ng ta ch r; ch ng phng nga, ngn chn khng xy ra cc tnh hung phc tp nh: - Bin ng chnh tr trong nc; - Bo lon lt , ly khai mt vng hoc nhiu vng, gy nguy c chia ct t nc; - Xung t v trang v chin tranh trn bin do tranh chp ch quyn, ti nguyn vi cc nc quanh Bin ng, c s can thip, tha thun, ng ng sau ca cc th lc ngoi khu vc. Hai l, tng cng tim lc quc phng, xy dng th trn chin tranh nhn dn trn hng bin thng qua vic y mnh thc hin cc gii php xy dng nn quc phng ton dn, ly xy dng khu vc phng th kt hp vi cc khu vc pht trin kinh t cc tnh, thnh ven bin, hi o lm trng im lm ch da cho cc lc lng lm kinh t bin v qun l bo v bin, o. Ba l, trong qu trnh thc hin nhim v bo v bin, o cn thm nhun quan im bo v bin, o l s nghip ca ton dn, ca c h thng chnh tr di s lnh o ca ng, s qun l iu hnh ca Nh nc pht huy sc mnh tng hp ca mi lc lng dn s v qun s trn hng bin, trong lc lng nng ct l lc lng Hi qun nhn dn; phi vn dng linh hot cc hnh thc u tranh, c bit l kt hp gia u tranh chnh tr trn mt trn i ngoi vi u tranh qun s. Trong , u tranh chnh tr, ngoi giao l yu t hng u, u tranh qun s l yu t c s to ra sc mnh quyt nh, ng thi phi ly yu t ni lc, da vo sc mnh l chnh ngn chn, y li xung t v trang v ginh thng li trong mi tnh hung bo v bin, o. III. Mt s gii php tng cng Qun l v bo v bin, o trong tnh hnh mi 1. Tng cng tim lc qun l v bo v bin o trn cc lnh vc chnh tr, kinh t - x hi, t tng - vn ha, khoa hc gio dc Nhng gii php ch yu cng c, tng cng tim lc qun l, bo v bin, o trn cc lnh vc chnh tr, kinh t - x hi, t tng - vn ha, khoa hc, gio dc l: a) Hon thin h thng cc chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch v chnh sch v bin Bo co chnh tr ti i hi i biu ton quc ln th IX ca ng ch r, cn Kt hp cht ch kinh t vi quc phng v an ninh, quc phng v an ninh vi kinh t trong cc chin lc, quy hoch v k hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi. V vy, xy dng th trn kt hp kinh t vi quc phng - an ninh trn bin cn phi hon thin h thng cc chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch v chnh sch v bin. Trong chin lc pht trin kinh t - x hi 2010 - 2015, i hi i biu ton quc ln th XI ca ng xc nh cc chnh sch v bin. xc nh: i mi c ch, chnh sch nhm gii phng trit lc lng sn xut, m rng th trng... l mt trong nhng lnh vc then cht cn t ph. Trn bin v vng ven bin cn c nhng chnh sch nhm khuyn khch ng dn, khuyn khch mi thnh phn kinh t vn ra khai thc bin xa, kt hp sn xut vi lm ch vng c quyn kinh t v thm lc a; khuyn khch cn b, vin chc Nh nc lm vic trn cc o xa, khuyn khch vic di dn t t lin ra o pht trin kinh t - x hi v tng cng quc phng - an ninh trn cc o... Cn thc hin th ch ho cc ch trng, chnh sch ca ng v xy dng nn quc phng ton dn v an ninh nhn dn, cng vi vic hon thin h thng lut php v nhim v bo v T quc, to c s php l cho cc ngnh, cc t chc kinh t, cc a phng thc hin kt hp cht ch pht trin kinh t - x hi vi xy dng tim lc v th trn quc phng ton dn, th trn an ninh nhn dn. C nh vy mi trnh c tnh trng thc th tt, nhng lm th khng bit cch ang tn ti kh ph bin hin nay. Vng ven bin nc ta ang xut hin ngy cng nhiu cc c s kinh t thuc thnh phn kinh t t bn t nhn v thnh phn kinh t c vn u t nc ngoi. Kt hp kinh t vi quc phng - an ninh v quc phng - an ninh vi kinh t i vi cc thnh phn kinh t ny nh th no, l vn ang cn tip tc nghin cu. b) Tng cng gio dc, nng cao nhn thc gn lin vi chnh n, xy dng ng Thc tin u tranh cch mng v xy dng t nc trong nhng nm qua chng minh, nhn t c ngha quyt nh to ra nhng thng li ln ca nhn dn ta l c s lnh o sng sut, ng n ca ng. Xy dng, chnh n ng ng thc s trong sch, vng mnh l nhim v then cht hng u nhm bo m gi vng nhn t to ra mi thng li ca nhn dn ta trong s nghip xy dng v bo v T quc. Tng cng gio dc, nng cao nhn thc l bin php cc k quan trng, lm cho nhng quan im, ng li ca ng, nhng ch trng, chnh sch ca Nh nc n vi mi ngi, bin nhng ch trng, ng li lnh o sng sut ca ng thnh sc mnh hnh ng ca c dn tc xy dng v bo v T quc. Tng cng cng tc gio dc, trc ht cn lm cho mi ngi nhn r tnh hnh phc tp hin nay ang t ra nhng vn va cp bch, va c bn i vi ng, Nh nc v nhn dn ta, l nhng thi c v thch thc, i hi chng ta phi nng cao cnh gic, tng cng sc mnh quc phng - an ninh; ch trng gio dc thng nht nhn thc v i tng v i tc; nm vng ng li, quan im, yu cu nhim v bo v T quc trong tnh hnh mi, gn xy dng t nc, pht trin kinh t - x hi vi nhim v bo v T quc, bo v bin, o. Khi qun chng nhn dn gic ng, nht l th h tr thu sut mc tiu, ni dung, nhim v v trch nhim bo v T quc, bo v bin, o; thc v bin ca c dn tc c thc tnh th chng ta s vt qua c thch thc, vn ln tr thnh mt nc mnh v bin lm ch vng bin ca mnh v khai thc bin lm giu cho t nc. c) Thc hin thng li chin lc pht trin kinh t - x hi vng ven bin, hi o lm nn tng gi vng n nh, bo v bin, o i hi i biu ton quc ln th IX ca ng quyt nh Chin lc pht trin kinh t - x hi 10 nm u ca th k XXI - Chin lc y mnh cng nghip ha, hin i ha theo nh hng x hi ch ngha, xy dng nn tng n nm 2020 nc ta c bn tr thnh mt nc cng nghip. i hi ng ton quc ln th XI cng khng nh tip tc chin lc pht trin kinh t x hi t nc theo tinh thn Ngh quyt i hi ng IX v X. Thc hin thng li chin lc pht trin kinh t - x hi vng ven bin, hi o s to ra nn tng vt cht khng ngng ci thin i sng nhn dn, to iu kin xa i gim ngho, gii quyt nhng vn bc xc ca x hi, chm lo pht trin vng ven bin, hi o, bo m cng bng x hi nhm gi yn lng dn, cng c, tng cng nim tin yu ng v ch . Kinh t pht trin, x hi n nh th sc mnh quc phng - an ninh c tng cng. t nc c iu kin u t cho lc lng v trang c trang b k thut hin i, nht l lc lng hi qun, khng qun l nhng qun chng s dng nhiu v kh trang b k thut cao trong tc chin. Kinh t - x hi pht trin vng ven bin, hi o s l ngun ni lc bo m vng chc cho lc lng v trang trn hng bin v mi mt, khng ch v c s vt cht hu cn - k thut, lng thc thc phm, v kh n dc m cn cung cp cho cc lc lng v trang nhng con ngi ton din, c phm cht o c v trnh nng lc hon thnh tt nhim v bo v bin, o. V vy, phi n lc thc hin thng li nhim v trung tm l pht trin kinh t gn lin vi pht trin vn ha - x hi, y mnh cng nghip ha, hin i ha t nc. d) Bi dng ngun nhn lc, xy dng tim lc khoa hc - cng ngh bin Trong th k XXI, kinh t tri thc c vai tr ngy cng ni bt trong qu trnh pht trin lc lng sn xut, khoa hc v cng ngh s c bc tin nhy vt. V vy, bi dng ngun lc lao ng, xy dng tim lc khoa hc cng ngh bin l vic lm cp thit hin nay pht trin kinh t bin theo hng cng nghip ho, hin i ho; ng thi cng nhm p ng yu cu xy dng cc lc lng v trang nhn dn trong tnh hnh mi. Hin nay, trn 50% dn s c nc sng cc tnh ven bin; mt dn s bnh qun v tc tng trng dn s t nhin vng nng thn ven bin (2,5% hng nm) u cao hn mc trung bnh ca c nc. Nhng nm ti, dn s ven bin s tng nhanh hn, do c s di chuyn dn c t cc vng khc ti (tng c hc). Trong khi , ngun lao ng thc s vng ven bin cn c nhng bt cp, lao ng thc s trn bin (lao ng ng nghip) ch chim 10% tng s lao ng; lao ng qua o to cng ch chim mt t l tng t... Trnh hc vn ca dn c vng nng thn ven bin thp hn cc vng khc (t l m ch ti 20% dn s). H s s dng cc phng tin thng tin i chng trong ng dn cng thp hn so vi nhiu ngnh ngh khc. S thiu hiu bit, hoc hiu bit sai v bin dn n nhng hnh ng hu hoi ti nguyn v mi trng, khng bo m s pht trin bn vng ca bin. Dn tr thp gy kh khn cho vic tip thu cng ngh mi cng nh ch trng, chnh sch ca ng v php lut ca Nh nc; ngc li d b k xu li dng, kch ng. c th tranh th ng dng ngy cng nhiu hn mc cao hn v ph bin hn nhng thnh tu mi v khoa hc v cng ngh, tng bc pht trin kinh t tri thc 1 vo cng cuc khai thc bin, chng ta cn y mnh vic bi dng ngun nhn lc vng ven bin v cc hi o. Dn tr cng l yu t rt quan trng ca vic xy dng th trn lng dn trong tnh hnh mi. ng ta coi pht trin gio dc v o to, khoa hc v cng ngh l nn tng v ng lc ca s nghip cng nghip ho, hin i ho v mun cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc phi c nng lc ni sinh v khoa hc v cng ngh֔2. Song, hin nay thc lc khoa hc cng ngh cha tr thnh ng lc pht trin kinh t bin 3 nc ta. S lng cn b khoa hc cng ngh bin c trnh trn i hc nc ta hin nay cn qu mng, ch chim khong 1% tng s ngi c trnh thc s v tin s nc ta, li cha bao gm y cc b mn khoa hc v bin. R rng l, y mnh cng tc o to, lm tng nhanh s lng v cht lng i ng cn b khoa hc - cng ngh bin, ang l i hi cp bch hin nay ca s nghip pht trin kinh t bin v tng cng quc phng - an ninh trn bin. y mnh cc hot ng nghin cu khoa hc cng ngh bin l bin php va p ng yu cu ca kinh t v quc phng an ninh trn bin, va gp phn thit thc pht trin i ng cn b khoa hc cng ngh bin. 2. Tng cng tim lc quc phng, an ninh qun l v bo v bin, o a) Tng cng hiu lc qun l Nh nc trn bin Qun l Nh nc trn bin l s tc ng c t chc v iu chnh bng php lut ca Nh nc i vi cc qu trnh kinh t x hi, cc hot ng v hnh vi ca con ngi trn bin nhm duy tr v pht trin cc mi quan h, cc hot ng v cc hnh vi trong trt t, theo ng nh hng ca Nh nc trong vic thm d, khai thc cc tim nng ca bin, thc thi ch quyn, cc quyn ch quyn v quyn ti phn quc gia trn cc vng bin, hi o v thm lc a ca quc gia. Chc nng ch yu ca qun l Nh nc trn bin l: bo m thi hnh php lut ca Nh nc v cc iu c quc t c lin quan m Nh nc k kt hoc tham gia, trn cc vng bin v thm lc a ca quc gia; t chc v thc hin tm kim cu nn trn bin; bo v v kim sot mi trng, x l cc v nhim bin; qun l an ton hng hi; bo m an ton hng hi. Qun l Nh nc trn bin l hot ng mang li li cho c kinh t - x hi ln quc phng - an ninh. V vy, trong nhng nm ti cn to ra nhng tin b r nt trong cc hot ng ny. Nh nc qun l x hi bng php lut, nhng nm gn y, Nh nc ban hnh nhiu vn bn php lut v bin. Tuy nhin, cho n nay chng ta vn cha c mt h thng php lut v bin hon chnh gn kt vi nhau trong mt chin lc thng nht khai thc, bo v v qun l bin. C nhiu vn bn tr nn lc hu, cha c th ho... Tnh chia ct v cc b trong qun l v t chc sn xut ca cc ngnh, a phng trong khai thc bin l tnh trng kh ph bin. S chng cho, thiu kt hp cht ch gia cc ngnh v cc a phng khng nhng gy tr ngi cho vic pht trin kinh t bin v bo v ch quyn trn bin, m cn l mt nguyn nhn quan trng lm gim st ti nguyn v nhim mi trng bin. V vy, trong nhng nm ti, cn y tip tc thc hin tinh thn ca Ngh quyt i hi i biu ton quc ln th X ca ng v b sung, xy dng cc vn bn quy phm php lut, cc chnh sch x hi c quan h n nhim v quc phng, an ninh1, trong c cc vn bn quy phm php lut, cc chnh sch x hi c quan h n nhim v quc phng, an ninh trn hng bin; hon thin h thng php lut v khai thc v qun l bin ph hp vi nn kinh t nhiu thnh phn, nhiu ngnh ngh, nhiu vng, nhiu quy m, nhiu trnh ; ph hp vi c ch th trng c s qun l ca Nh nc; ph hp vi c im ca bin v vng ven bin l ca m ln giao lu vi th gii; ng thi kt hp cht ch gia kinh t vi quc phng - an ninh. tng cng hiu lc qun l Nh nc trn bin, cng vi vic hon thin h thng php lut v bin, cn phi tng cng kh nng bo m thi hnh php lut trn bin - mt vn m cc chuyn gia v qun l bin nh gi l cn kh hn nhiu so vi vic hon thin h thng php lut. Bo m thi hnh php lut trn bin l cc hot ng kim tra, kim sot, gim st vic thi hnh php lut trn bin v kp thi ngn chn, x l cc hnh vi phm php trn bin, bo m cho php lut v bin ca Nh nc c thi hnh nghim minh, nhm cc mc ch sau: - Bo v ch quyn, cc quyn ch quyn v quyn ti phn quc gia trn cc vng bin v thm lc a ca quc gia; - Bo v cc ngun li bin cho t nc; - Bo v tnh bn vng ca ti nguyn v mi trng bin, bo m s pht trin bn vng ca kinh t bin; - Duy tr an ninh trt t, bo m an ton cho sn xut, tnh mng v ti sn trn bin ca Nh nc v nhn dn; - Phng nga, hn ch v ch ng cc xung t li ch gia cc ngnh, cc t chc, c nhn trong s dng v khai thc bin. t c cc mc ch trn, cn c lc lng chuyn trch c cc phng tin v trang thit b hin i, sc tin hnh tun tra, kim sot, gim st vic thi hnh php lut v bin c ban hnh; pht hin, ngn chn v x l cc hnh vi phm php, ng ph c hiu qu cc s c mt an ton v tnh mng, ti sn, ti nguyn v mi trng trn vng bin v thm lc a ca quc gia. Trc y, vic bo m thi hnh php lut trn bin do lc lng ca cc b ngnh m nhim, nn c tnh trng va chng cho, va s h, vic u t b phn tn nn tn km m hiu qu khng cao. chuyn sang m hnh qun l bin tp trung, ngy 7-4-1998 Ch tch nc k lnh cng b Php lnh lc lng Cnh st bin Vit Nam. Theo quy nh ca Php lnh, lc lng Cnh st bin ca Vit Nam l lc lng chuyn trch ca Nh nc thc hin chc nng qun l v an ninh, trt t an ton v bo m vic chp hnh php lut ca Vit Nam v cc iu c quc t c lin quan m Cng ho x hi ch ngha Vit Nam k kt hoc tham gia trn cc vng bin v thm lc a ca nc Cng ho x hi ch ngha Vit Nam. Phm vi hot ng ca cnh st bin l t ng c s tr ra n ranh gii ngoi cng ca vng c quyn v kinh t v thm lc a. Trong phm vi hot ng ny, cnh st bin ch tr phi hp vi cc lc lng hu quan khc thc hin nhim v. Trong vng ni thu v cc cng bin, khi c yu cu, cnh st bin c trch nhim phi hp vi chnh quyn a phng, b i bin phng, cng an nhn dn, cc lc lng hi quan, giao thng vn ti, thu sn, du kh v cc lc lng khc thc hin nhim v. hon thnh c chc nng, nhim v v thc hin cc quyn bt gi, cng ch, truy ui... cc tu thuyn vi phm php lut trn mt vng bin rng ln (lnh hi 40.000 km2, vng c quyn kinh t 800.000 km2, theo s liu ca Ban Bin gii ca Chnh ph), cnh st bin cn c trang b cc phng tin hin i v cn thit (tu v my bay kim sot bin, h thng thng tin quan st bin, cc phng tin tm kim cu nn bin xa, phng tin x l nhim mi trng bin...). Hin nay, lc lng cnh st bin ca ta, phng tin cn qu t i, kh nng qun l v hot ng bin xa cn nhiu hn ch; gia kh nng v nhim v cn mt khong cch ln. V vy, Nh nc cn c s u t thch ng y nhanh nhp pht trin lc lng ny. u t cho lc lng ny, xt tm v m l mt s u t c hiu qu kinh t nht cho t nc1, v vic bo m thi hnh php lut trn bin c thc hin tt s mang li li ch ln cho quc gia. B i Bin phng l lc lng lm nng ct, chuyn trch qun l, bo v ch quyn, ton vn lnh th, an ninh, trt t bin gii quc gia trn t lin, cc hi o, vng bin... (iu 1, Php lnh b i Bin phng, cng b ngy 7-4-1997). B i Bin phng l lc lng chuyn trch ca Nh nc thc hin nhim v qun l, bo v ng bin gii quc gia trn bin, bo m php lut trn bin, ngn chn cc hnh vi xm phm bin gii, vt bin, nhp c tri php, khai thc trm ti nguyn v nhng hnh vi khc xm phm n ch quyn, li ch quc gia, an ninh, trt t, gy hi n mi trng khu vc bin gii (tc trong lnh hi). lnh hi v cc cng xa b, b i Bin phng phi hp vi cnh st bin v cc lc lng khc thc hin nghip v cng tc bin phng. B i Bin phng cn c trang b nhng phng tin thch hp (tu tc cao, phng tin thng tin hin i) c th ngn chn, truy ui, bt gi ngi v phng tin vi phm php lut vng ni thu; c bit l chng t nn bun lu trn bin, cp bin, xm nhp vn ho phm c hi, tnh bo, gin ip, xut nhp cnh tri php... Lc lng An ninh v Cnh st nhn dn l lc lng bo v an ninh, trt t an ton x hi vng ven bin, cc hi cng, bn bi xp d hng ha, cc cng trnh ni ca sng, cc bi tm, khu du lch. Vng bin v ven bin l ca m ln ca t nc giao lu quc t. Ca m cng rng cng i hi phi nng cao cht lng ca An ninh nhn dn v Cnh st nhn dn, ngn chn nhng t nn x hi, nhng hnh vi ti phm, cc hot ng tnh bo, gin ip, c tr tri php ca ngi v phng tin nc ngoi..., gi cho vng ven bin pht trin nng ng, lnh mnh, an ton v trt t. An ninh v cnh st nhn dn cn c trch nhim phi hp vi b i bin phng, cnh st bin v hi quan trong vic kim tra, kim sot, x l cc v vi phm ca tu thuyn nc ngoi, kim tra an ton giao thng, truy qut ti phm trn vng ni thu. Dn qun t v bin l lc lng ng o tham gia qun l bin trong khi lao ng sn xut trn bin cn c hun luyn thc hin cc nhim v sau: - Pht hin v thng bo kp thi cho cc c quan v lc lng chc nng (Cnh st bin, B i Bin phng, Hi qun, an ninh...) nhng hin tng v hnh vi phm php trn bin. Dn qun t v bin khng c quyn kim tra, kim sot, bt gi, truy ui ngi v phng tin trn bin, nhng li cn c kh nng theo di, bm st cc i tng phm php thng bo cho lc lng chc nng n x l. - Nhng tu hot ng bin xa c th quan st, pht hin tu ngm, tu mt nc ca hi qun nc ngoi qua li hoc hot ng trn vng bin nc ta, bo co v c quan chc nng. - Cung cp, h tr thit b v phng tin cho cc c quan v lc lng chc nng khi cn thit kim tra, kim sot trn bin. Dn qun t v bin cn cn c hun luyn mt s khoa mc qun s cn thit khc nh quan st, bm st nm tnh hnh trn bin, bn mc tiu trn bin, th thu li... c th hip ng tc chin vi hi qun v cc lc lng khc khi xy ra chin tranh hoc xung t qun s trn bin. Theo s liu ca B Thu sn nm 2000: trong 3 nm (1997 - 1999), c nc ng mi gn 5.500 tu nh c xa b. Nm 2003 ta c ti hn 7000 tu n cui nm 2011, s tu nh c l hn 900 tu. y l iu kin thun li pht trin lc lng t v bin hot ng xa b. Pht trin dn qun t v bin phi chn lc k bo m tin cy chc chn v chnh tr; c c ch qun l ph hp vi c im sn xut trn bin; c ch hun luyn v chnh sch khuyn khch ph hp vi nn kinh t th trng. Cc tnh (thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng) ven bin cn kin ton Ban ch o v bin v hi o tr thnh c quan thng trc ca cp u v chnh quyn tnh gii quyt cc vn v qun l bin trong phm vi trch nhim ca tnh (thnh ph). Cn y mnh cng tc tuyn truyn, gio dc php lut v bin cho nhn dn sng vng ven bin, trn cc hi o v cc i tng trc tip lao ng sn xut trn bin. b) Xy dng th trn kt hp kinh t vi quc phng, an ninh trn bin i hi i biu ton quc ln th IX ca ng khng nh, cn phi: Kt hp cht ch kinh t - x hi vi xy dng tim lc v th trn quc phng ton dn, th trn an ninh nhn dn, c th hin trong chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi ca c nc, ca cc ngnh, cc a phng v trong cc d n u t ln1. Vn dng quan im ny vo nhim v bo v bin, o trong tnh hnh mi, chng ta cn xy dng c th trn kt hp kinh t vi quc phng, an ninh trn bin. Th trn kt hp kinh t vi quc phng, an ninh trn bin c hiu l s b tr cc lc lng, cc c s vt cht - k thut ca cc ngnh kinh t bin, ca quc phng, an ninh trn bin v ven bin theo nh, quy hoch v k hoch thng nht, di s lnh o, ch o tp trung thng nht ca ng v Nh nc trong phm vi c nc v trong tng vng, tng a phng, nhm to c thun li cho nhau, h tr ln nhau gia kinh t vi quc phng, an ninh trn bin, bo m s pht trin nhanh v bn vng ca kinh t bin, ng thi tng cng c sc mnh bo v ch quyn, ton vn lnh th v an ninh quc gia trn bin v vng ven bin. Th trn kt hp kinh t vi quc phng, an ninh trn bin nhm chng li mi m mu v hnh ng xm phm ch quyn, lnh th v an ninh quc gia trn hng bin, bo m ho bnh v n nh pht trin kinh t bin; ng thi l c s chuyn sang th trn chin tranh nhn dn trn bin khi xy ra chin tranh. Th trn kt hp kinh t vi quc phng, an ninh trn bin nm trong th trn quc phng ton dn v an ninh nhn dn ca c nc. V khng gian, th trn kt hp kinh t vi quc phng - an ninh trn bin, phi gn kt cht ch gia bin, o v lnh th ven bin. Xy dng th trn kt hp kinh t vi quc phng, an ninh trn bin phi da vo cc vng kinh t, trc ht l cc vng kinh t trng im c quy hoch, thc hin kt hp kinh t vi quc phng, an ninh v quc phng, an ninh vi kinh t trong cc k hoch pht trin vng. Mi vng c quy hoch u c nhng k hoch khc nhau pht trin ton din v chnh tr, kinh t - x hi, khoa hc - cng ngh, gio dc - o to, xy dng kt cu h tng, o to ngun nhn lc, b tr dn c... Xy dng th trn kt hp kinh t vi quc phng - an ninh cn c hiu l phi thc hin s kt hp tt c cc lnh vc vi quc phng - an ninh v quc phng - an ninh vi cc lnh vc ngay t khi iu tra, phn tch, nh gi v d bo cc ngun lc (bn trong v bn ngoi) pht trin ca vng; trong khi thit k quy hoch v trong qu trnh t chc thc hin quy hoch. Ni dung chnh ca vic xy dng th trn kt hp kinh t vi quc phng - an ninh trn bin l xy dng cc khu vc kinh t - quc phng - an ninh v quc phng - an ninh - kinh t trn bin v ven bin. i hi i biu ton quc ln th X ca ng ch r, cn Tip tc pht trin cc khu kinh t - quc phng, xy dng cc khu quc phng - kinh t vi mc tiu tng cng quc phng - an ninh l ch yu, tp trung vo cc a bn trng im chin lc v nhng khu vc nhy cm trn bin gii t lin, bin o1. Trong khi quy hoch cc vng kinh t, cc khu cng nghip, cc trung tm kinh t trng im... ven bin, cn kt hp hi ho gia li ch kinh t vi bo m quc phng an ninh trong b tr cc c s vt cht - k thut, cng nh trong xy dng kt cu h tng (ng s, bn cng, sn bay...) sao cho va pht huy hiu qu kinh t - x hi, va s dng c cho quc phng, an ninh khi cn thit. Thc cht l cn kt hp cht ch vic pht trin cc th, xy dng cc khu kinh t ven bin vi xy dng cc khu vc phng th ca cc tnh, huyn ven bin v huyn o. Trong phn b c s vt cht - k thut ca cc ngnh kinh t bin, cn trnh nhng v tr c a hnh khng ch khu vc. Cn dnh cho cc lc lng v trang mt s a bn c gi tr c bit v quc phng - an ninh ven bin. nhng a bn ny c th hnh thnh khu vc kt hp quc phng - an ninh vi kinh t, do quc phng - an ninh qun l, lc lng sn xut y l nhng n v lc lng v trang lm kinh t kt hp quc phng - an ninh (nh nh c kt hp tun tiu), cc c s cng nghip quc phng tn dng nng lc, tham gia sn xut hng dn dng hoc cc mt hng va phc v kinh t, va phc v quc phng - an ninh. trn bin, cn xc nh cc vng bin trng im v quc phng - an ninh kt hp vi cc vng kinh t ven bin nh : vng bin vnh Bc B vi ng bng Sng Hng v vng kinh t trng im Bc B, vng qun o Trng Sa v Hong Sa vi duyn hi Trung B v vng kinh t trng im min Trung, vng bin khai thc du kh vi min ng Nam B v vng kinh t trng im pha Nam, vng bin Ty Nam vi ng bng sng Cu Long. Cc vng kinh t ven bin l cn c, l hu phng trc tip ca cc vng bin trng im, bo m khi cn thit c th huy ng ngun lc ti ch, p ng yu cu x l cc tnh hung trn bin trong thi bnh v c khi xy ra chin tranh. nhng vng bin trng im cn xc nh r: mc tiu quc phng - an ninh ca vng (trc mt, lu di); i tng u tranh; thnh phn lc lng v trang lm nng ct; d kin cc tnh hung c th xy ra v cc bin php x l, mc kin quyt trong x l. Cn c chnh sch khuyn khch ng dn khai thc hi sn cc vng bin trng im khng nh ch quyn v h tr cc lc lng v trang hot ng. B tr cc lc lng lm kinh t bin ca hi qun (vi danh ngha cc cng ty khai thc hi sn) hot ng nhng khu vc cng thng v quc phng - an ninh, va sn xut va lm nhim v qun l bin v lm ch da cho ng dn n khai thc. H thng o c tm quan trng c bit i vi kinh t bin, cn c xy dng thnh nhng cn c vng chc tin ra khai thc v hot ng bin xa, ng thi l tuyn phng th bo v t lin. c bit ch trng cc o: Ct B, Bch Long V, L Sn, Ph Qu, Cn o, Hn Khoai, Th Chu, Ph Quc v qun o Trng Sa. Xy dng cc huyn o tr ph v kinh t, mnh v chnh tr v quc phng - an ninh. u t thch ng cho xy dng kt cu h tng trn cc o, phc v kinh t v quc phng - an ninh. Thc hin tt vic a dn t t lin ra o pht trin kinh t xy dng lc lng v trang ti ch. Trn cc o v qun o xa b cn cng c h thng cng trnh phng th v xy dng mt s c s dch v khai thc bin tng thm thnh phn dn s, thnh phn kinh t, tng tnh php l ca quyn s hu. c) Xy dng Qun i nhn dn p ng yu cu qun l v bo v bin, o trong thi k mi Tng cng quc phng, gi vng an ninh quc gia v ton vn lnh th l nhim v trng yu thng xuyn ca ng, Nh nc v ca ton dn, trong Qun i nhn dn v Cng an nhn dn l lc lng nng ct1. Mc ny gii hn xy dng Qun i nhn dn lm nng ct trong bo v bin, o. i hi i biu ton quc ln th IX, X v XI ca ng xc nh: xy dng Qun i nhn dn v Cng an nhn dn cch mng, chnh quy, tinh nhu, tng bc hin i2, vi nhng ni dung c th c th quy np li nh sau: - C bn lnh chnh tr vng vng, trung thnh tuyt i vi T quc, vi ng v nhn dn; qu trng v ht lng phc v nhn dn. - C phm cht, o c, li sng lnh mnh, gin d, k tha v pht huy truyn thng v vang. - C trnh hc vn v chuyn mn nghip v ngy cng cao, c nng lc ch huy v tc chin thng li trong bt c tnh hung no. - C trnh sn sng chin u v sc chin u ngy cng cao, trang b k thut hin i cho Qun i, Cng an. i hi cng ra yu cu i vi Qun i v Cng an phi: Thng xuyn cnh gic, kp thi p tan mi m mu v hnh ng xm phm c lp, ch quyn, ton vn lnh th ca T quc v an ninh quc gia; ngn chn v y li cc ti phm nguy him v cc t nn x hi, bo m tt trt t an ton x hi1. Vi Qun i nhn dn, phi ly vic nng cao nng lc ch huy, trnh sn sng chin u v sc chin u ngy cng cao; thng xuyn cnh gic, kp thi p tan mi m mu v hnh ng xm phm c lp, ch quyn, ton vn lnh th ca T quc v tc chin thng li trong bt k tnh hung no l yu cu bc thit ch yu, ng thi cng l mc tiu m Qun i nhn dn v cc lc lng v trang cn t c trong tnh hnh mi. trn bin, hin nay chng ta ang phi tnh n hai m mu ln ca cc th lc bn ngoi, l: m mu thu hp vng bin nc ta ca ch ngha bnh trng nc ln v m mu xm lc, can thip nc ta t hng bin ca ch ngha quc. V hnh ng, c th d kin nhng tnh hung chin lc c th din ra trn vng bin nc ta l: - Xung t v trang trong tranh chp bin o nhng quy m khc nhau: quy m nh, khi i phng thc hin ln dn (nh xy ra nm 1988); quy m ln khi i phng s dng v lc nh chim ton b. - Tn la v my bay ca hi qun i phng tham gia tin cng bng ho lc (tp kch ng khng) vo lnh th nc ta. - Phong to ng bin c lp nc ta vi th gii, hoc c lp tng vng, ngn chn s giao lu gia cc vng ca t nc ta. - ch s dng mt b phn lc lng hi qun h tr cc hot ng bo lon lt ven bin, trn cc o. - ch b ng bin tin hnh chin tranh xm lc nc ta. Cn ch l cc tnh hung trn y c th khng din ra n c, m lin kt mt s tnh hung v mc ch chung nh: nh chim ton b qun o ca ta, i phng c th phong to mt s cn c, bn cng ca ta, hoc dng ho lc nh ph ven bin; hoc khi h tr bo lon lt , ch c th b ng bin hoc tp knh ho lc vo ven bin; b ng bin tin hnh chin tranh xm lc c th din ra khi ch ang bao vy, phong to bin... c th tc chin thng li trong bt c tnh hung no trn bin, qun i ta phi c s pht trin vt bc v sc mnh chin u trn c ba chiu khng gian ca bin (trn mt nc, di mt nc v vng tri ca bin). - Hi qun nhn dn l mt qun chng ca Qun i nhn dn, c t chc, trang b v hun luyn chuyn trch tc chin trn bin, gi vai tr nng ct ca quc phng ton dn v chin tranh nhn dn trn bin. V vy, ni tng cng sc mnh chin u trn bin trc ht l tng cng sc mnh chin u ca Hi qun nhn dn. Trong nhng thp k qua, di s lnh o ca ng c s quan tm chm sc to ln ca Nh nc, ca ton dn v ton qun, Hi qun nhn dn c nhng bc pht trin mi v nhng n lc rt ln trong nhim v bo v ch quyn quc gia trn bin, bo v cng cuc lao ng sn xut trn bin ca Nh nc v nhn dn; nng trnh sn sng chin u v sc mnh chin u ca qun chng ln mt bc mi. Tuy nhin, so vi yu cu ca nhim v bo v bin, o v yu cu ca nhim v chng ch xm lc t hng bin th sc mnh chin u ca hi qun nhn dn ang cn mt khong cch ng k cn phi vt qua. Xy dng Hi qun nhn dn phi c thc hin theo nh chin lc (nh hng cho mt thi k di 15 20 nm), c phn chia cc bc i bng nhng k hoch c th cho tng giai on (5 10 nm), ph hp vi nn kinh t ca t nc. Mt khc, bo v ch quyn, gi vng ho bnh, n nh trn bin ang l iu kin tin quyt v tin cn thit pht trin kinh t bin, th vic tng cng u t y nhanh hn nhp pht trin Hi qun nhn dn li l cn thit v hp l. Trc mt, cn xy dng Hi qun nhn dn c sc mnh lm nng ct cng ton qun, ton dn lm tht bi mi hnh ng t khiu khch, ln chim... n gy xung t v trang trn bin ca nhng th lc mun s dng u th hi qun ca h gii quyt vn tranh chp ch quyn qun o Trng Sa hoc xm chim thm lc a ca nc ta Bin ng. Trong tc chin chng ch xm lc t hng bin, hi qun nhn dn phi c kh nng gy tn tht mc nht nh cho hi qun ch trn bin, to iu kin cho cc lc lng phng th b bin nh ch, bo v cc mc tiu trn bin v ven bin trong th trn chin tranh nhn dn ca c nc, nhm nh bi mc ch chin tranh ca ch. - Khng qun nhn dn c vai tr rt quan trng trong tc chin trn bin. Khng qun va l lc lng t kch li hi, va l lc lng ym tr trn khng cho cc lc lng hi qun hot ng ngoi tm ym tr ca ho lc phng khng trn b; ng thi c th hon thnh nhiu nhim v bo m tc chin khc trn bin. Khng qun nhn dn cn c t chc, trang b v hun luyn theo yu cu nhim v tc chin trn bin, sc cng hi qun v cc lc lng v trang khc bo v vng chc vng c quyn kinh t v thm lc a ca T quc trong mi tnh hung; cng hi qun nh ch trn bin t xa trong tc chin chng ch tin cng t hng bin, gy tn tht cho ch mc nht nh, gp phn cng cc lc lng phng th b bin bo v t lin. V lu di, hi qun cn xy dng khng qun ca hi qun vng mnh sc m nhn cc nhim v tc chin trn bin. Trong khi khng qun ca hi qun ang trn xy dng v pht trin th cn tng cng luyn tp tc chin hip ng gia hi qun v khng qun c bin gn v bin xa. - B i Phng khng l lc lng nng ct ca chin tranh nhn dn t i khng v trong tc chin nh tr ch tp kch ng khng t hng bin, bo v cc mc tiu ven b, ven bin; ym tr cc lc lng khc hot ng v tc chin ven b, ven bin. Ngy nay, kh nng cng nh phng php thc hnh tin cng ng khng ca hi qun ch vo cc mc tiu trn t lin c nhng pht trin mi, khc rt xa so vi thi k chin tranh chng M trc y. Cc lc lng hi qun ch c th tin cng cc mc tiu mt t c ly hng ngn kilmt, vi chnh xc rt cao. V vy, t hiu qu cao trong tc chin phng khng chng ch tp kch ng khng t bin, cn hip ng cht ch b i Phng khng vi khng qun v hi qun. Vic i mi trang b ca b i Phng khng, p ng yu cu tc chin phng khng bo v lnh th ni chung v vng ven bin ni ring l rt cp thit. Cn chun b trc nhng iu kin cn thit (trang b, t chc, hun luyn) c th nhanh chng hnh thnh mng li ho lc phng khng rng khp ca chin tranh nhn dn vng ven bin, khi c nguy c chin tranh. - B i Lc qun (cc qun khu, qun on ven bin) l lc lng nng ct ca quc phng ton dn v chin tranh nhn dn trn mt t, lc lng ch yu trong tc chin phng th b bin v cc o gn b; ng thi phi sn sng tham gia tc chin bo v cc o xa b. p ng yu cu nhim v bo v bin, o v vng ven bin trong tnh hnh mi, b i Lc qun cn c nhng pht trin mi v t chc, trang b, hun luyn tr thnh lc lng gii tc chin mi loi a hnh ven bin, nht l a hnh ng bng v th ven bin. Cn c nhng n v binh chng hp thnh ca Lc qun (bao gm b binh v pho binh, xe tng...) c hun luyn chu o v b ng bin chi vin tc chin phng th o (gn b v xa b). Kh khn ln nht ca vic xy dng Qun i nhn dn hin nay l nn kinh t ca nc ta cn ngho, nn cng nghip nc ta cha sc p ng nhu cu trang b ca mt qun i hin i, c bit l vi cc qun chng k thut nh Hi qun v Phng khng - Khng qun, sn xut cc loi v kh nng ca Lc qun nh pho, xe tng... V vy, y nhanh nhp cng nghip ho, hin i ho nn kinh t quc dn ni chung v kinh t bin ni ring l rt cp thit, nhm to ra c s vt cht k thut cho xy dng Qun i nhn dn ngy cng hin i. Cn u t thch ng cho cng nghip quc phng... Tn dng nng lc cng nghip dn sinh phc v quc phng v an ninh1. Trong pht trin cng nghip ca t nc, cn i nhanh vo mt s ngnh, lnh vc c cng ngh hin i, cng ngh cao... Xy dng c chn lc mt s c s cng nghip nng quan trng sn xut t liu sn xut cn thit trang b cho cc ngnh kinh t v quc phng 2 (luyn kim, c kh ch to, ho cht, ng tu...). 3. y mnh hot ng i ngoi v hp tc quc t, to lp mi trng thun li pht trin Trong iu kin tnh hnh hin nay trn Bin ng, hot ng i ngoi c vai tr ht sc quan trng, c th khai thc nhng nhn t tch cc, hn ch nhng nhn t tiu cc, gp phn to ln vo vic bo v ch quyn v li ch quc gia, gi vng ho bnh v n nh trn bin. V vy, cn phi hp hot ng quc phng v an ninh vi hot ng i ngoi. Kin tr ch trng gii quyt tranh chp trn bin bng m phn ho bnh trn c s cc bn tn trng c lp, ch quyn ca nhau, ph hp vi lut php v tp qun quc t, chng ta k vi Thi Lan hip nh v Phn nh ranh gii trn bin gia hai nc trong Vnh Thi Lan (1997); k kt vi Trung Quc hip nh Phn nh Vnh Bc b v hip nh Hp tc ngh c gia Vit Nam - Trung Quc trong Vnh Bc B (2000); k Tuyn b v cch ng x ca cc bn Bin ng (2002); k vi Innxia Hip nh phn nh ranh gii thm lc a Vit Nam - Innxia (2003). T nm 2000 li y, nht l sau s kin ngy 11-9-2001 vi vic tng cng s hin din v qun s ca M; s dn xp gia cc nc ln, ch yu gia M v Trung Quc lm gia tng s phc tp, ang e da an ninh, n nh v ch quyn quc gia ca cc nc ng Nam . Mt s nc ven Bin ng tng cng hp tc vi M, mun da vo M gii quyt bt n trong nc v tranh chp Bin ng c nhng hnh ng biu l thi cng rn hn trong tranh chp bin, o, nhng Nh nc ta vn kin tr biu l thin ch, gp phn lm gim bt cng thng trn Bin ng. Trong nhng nm ti, cuc tranh chp bin, o, c bit l qun o Trng Sa, c th din ra phc tp hn, quyt lit hn. Song chng ta vn kin tr ch trng nht qun l: "M rng quan h nhiu mt, song phng v a phng vi cc nc v vng lnh th, cc trung tm chnh tr, kinh t quc t ln, cc t chc quc t v khu vc theo cc nguyn tc tn trng c lp, ch quyn v ton vn lnh th, khng can thip vo cng vic ni b ca nhau, khng dng v lc hoc e do dng v lc; bnh ng v cng c li, gii quyt cc bt ng v tranh chp bng thng lng ho bnh; lm tht bi mi m mu v hnh ng gy sc p, p t v cng quyn"1. "Nhim v ca cng tc i ngoi l gi vng mi trng ho bnh, to cc iu kin quc t thun li cho cng cuc i mi, y mnh pht trin kinh t - x hi, cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc, xy dng v bo v T quc, ng thi gp phn tch cc vo cuc u tranh chung ca nhn dn th gii v ha bnh, c lp dn tc, dn ch v tin b x hi2. trn bin, hot ng i ngoi phi ngn chn, tin ti y li nguy c ph v ho bnh, n nh trong khu vc; ngn chn v lm tht bi , hnh ng ca nc ngoi to ra nhng "khu vc tranh chp" hoc lm "chuyn ri" trn vng bin v thm lc a ca nc ta. Cc hot ng i ngoi v kinh t c vai tr tch cc trong vic pht trin quan h quc t ca nc ta trong lnh vc khai thc ti nguyn bin, gip chng ta nhanh chng cng nghip ho, hin i ho kinh t bin. Hp tc quc t v khu vc v nghin cu bin s mang li li ch cho c kinh t v quc phng-an ninh, bi dng i ng cn b khoa hc v bin; ng thi tng cng c s hiu bit ln nhau, tng thm lng tin gia cc bn hu quan. Cn tng cng theo di, nm bt kp thi nhng pht trin mi v trt t php l v kinh t ca khu vc v th gii; tham gia cc t chc ca Lin hp quc v cc t chc quc t khc v bin v v kinh t, nhm thu c nhng thng tin c ch cho vic hnh thnh, hon thin hoc iu chnh cc chin lc bin, to iu kin thu ht vn u t v cng ngh bin, m rng hp tc kinh t v lao ng vi cc nc. Cc hot ng i ngoi v quc phng-an ninh s gp phn to ra s tin cy v khng kh ha du trong khu vc v th gii. Hp tc vi cc nc lng ging trong lnh vc bo m thi hnh php lut trn bin, c bit l trong cc hot ng chng bun lu, chng bun bn ma tu v n l, chng cp bin... chc chn s mang li kt qu cao hn, gp phn vo vic gi gn an ninh, trt t v n nh Bin ng. Hp tc quc t v khu vc v bo v mi trng bin v tm kim, cu nn trn bin s mang li hiu qu cao hn, c li hn cho mi quc gia, cho khu vc v th gii, ng thi cng gp phn thc y tin trnh m phn gii quyt tranh chp gia cc nc hu quan. Chng ta c quan im ng, c thin ch v c s php l xc thc, l nhng u th cn khai thc to lc cho cc hot ng i ngoi. Cn y mnh cng tc tuyn truyn i ngoi trong tt c cc ngnh, cc a phng (c bit l vng ven bin l ni giao lu quc t ngy cng m rng), cc t chc qun chng..., lm cho th gii ngy cng hiu r hn v lch s, v t nc v con ngi Vit Nam, v ng li i ngoi v c s php l ca Vit Nam trong u tranh bo v ch quyn v li ch quc gia trn bin. Tip tc chun b k hn, y hn cn c php l v ch quyn ca nc ta i vi hai qun o Hong Sa v Trng Sa, sn sng tin hnh cuc u tranh php l trc c quan php lut quc t, khi c iu kin, thi c thch hp. Hot ng i ngoi v hp tc quc t cn phi c "ni lc" mnh lm hu thun. l sc mnh tng hp ca c nc di s lnh o ca ng v s iu hnh ca Nh nc, th hin s n nh v chnh tr, s pht trin lnh mnh v bn vng v kinh t - x hi; s vng chc v quc phng-an ninh, "phi hp cht ch hot ng ngoi giao ca Nh nc, hot ng i ngoi ca ng v hot ng i ngoi nhn dn"1 . Vng bin v vng ven bin l "ca m ln" ca t nc, l ni thng xuyn c s giao lu, tip xc quc t, thun li cho hot ng i ngoi ti ch. Mun pht huy c thun li ny cn c i ng cn b i ngoi lm nng ct, c mt cc c quan, c s kinh t, vn ho... thng xuyn c s giao tip vi cc c nhn v t chc ca nc ngoi. V vy, cn phi "bi dng, rn luyn bn lnh chnh tr, nng lc, o c, phm cht ca i ng cn b lm cng tc i ngoi, k c kinh t i ngoi"2. 4. Tng cng hot ng php l trn trng quc t, to c s qun l v bo v bin, o bn vng Hot ng php l l mt lnh vc quan trng trong i sng x hi con ngi, nhm thit lp cc iu khon cn tun theo v mt lnh vc no gia hai nc hoc nhiu nc di cc hnh thc: lut, hip nh, cng c, tuyn b, tha thun v. v... y l c s php l cc bn thc hin. Trong lch s pht trin ca nhn loi, cc hot ng php l trn bin hnh thnh v pht trin iu chnh, gii quyt nhng mu thun v quyn li trn bin gia cc quc gia, dn tc. in hnh l cc Hi ngh do Lin hp quc ch tr, c bit l hi ngh ln th 3 ko di t nm 1967 n nm 1982 mi kt thc bng s ra i "Cng c v Lut bin 1982". Trong nhng nm qua ng, Nh nc ta ch ng, tch cc m phm vi cc bn hu quan gii quyt nhng vn v vng bin chng ln, tranh chp ch quyn bin, o. Cc hip nh v phn nh ranh gii trn bin v thm lc a c k kt gia Vit Nam vi cc nc l c s php l ta qun l, bo v ch quyn an ninh v cc quyn li quc gia, dn tc trn cc vng bin khc nhau ph hp vi lut php quc t. Trong nhng nm ti, chng ta cn tng cng cc hot ng php l i n k kt cc hip nh gii quyt nhng vn cn vng mc trn bin vi cc nc, to mi trng thun li, c s php l bo v bin, o bn vng. Kt lun T chc qun l, bo v bin gii quc gia l nhim v quan trng ca s nghip bo v T quc Vit Nam x hi ch ngh)a. Trong bi cnh giao lu quc t ngy cng m rng, cc th lc th ch tng cng xm nhp qua bin gii  hot ng tnh bo, gin ip, thc hin  Din bin ho bnh , bo lon lt  ph hoi ta trn tt c cc l)nh vc chnh tr, kinh t, vn ho - x hi, ngoi giao, quc phng, an ninh. Hot ng ly khai, t tr, dn tc, tn gio gn vi bin gii, nht l hot ng ca ch ngh)a cc oan, khng b quc t ang trc tip tc ng n ch quyn an ninh bin gii. V vy, bo v ch quyn an ninh bin gii quc gia gn lin vi bo v ng, bo v ch ; l cuc u tranh ton din phc tp. Bin gii quc gia l vn  rt nhy cm v phc tp; qun l, bo v bin gii quc gia c ni dung ton din, i hi phi c s ch o tp trung thng nht ca B Chnh tr, Chnh ph, s phi hp ng b, cht ch ca cc ngnh, cc cp  Trung ng v a phng, pht huy sc mnh tng hp ca ton dn v c h thng chnh tr - x hi. Xy dng B i Bin phng, lc lng chuyn trch nng ct qun l, bo v bin gii quc gia vng mnh ton din l quy lut, iu kin khng th thiu c trong s nghip bo v ch quyn an ninh bin gii quc gia. Th gii ang sng bui bnh minh ca thi i mi trong tin trnh pht trin ca loi ngi - "thi i bin". Vit Nam l mt nc ven bin, c nhiu iu kin a l thun li v bin. Phn u tr thnh mt nc mnh v bin l mc tiu chin lc xut pht t yu cu v iu kin khch quan ca s nghip xy dng v bo v T quc, ng thi l nhim v bc bch ang t dn tc ta trc thch thc ln trn Bin ng. Ch c vt qua thch thc ln , dn tc ta mi c th tn ti v pht trin, hi nhp vi khu vc v th gii trong thi i mi. Chng ta phi tin ra bin, bo v ch quyn v li ch quc gia trn bin, khai thc bin lm giu cho T quc bng "sc mnh tng hp ca khi i on kt ton dn, ca c h thng chnh tr di s lnh o ca ng, kt hp sc mnh dn tc vi sc mnh thi i, sc mnh ca lc lng v th trn quc phng ton dn vi sc mnh ca lc lng v th trn an ninh nhn dn. Kt hp cht ch kinh t vi quc phng v an ninh, quc phng v an ninh vi kinh t trong cc chin lc, quy hoch v k hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi. Phi hp hot ng quc phng v an ninh vi hot ng i ngoi". Chng ta cn phi khc phc nhng lc cn ni sinh, ngn chn nhng cht c hi bn ngoi xm nhp vo c th ca t nc, bo m cho sc mnh tng hp ca t nc khng b suy gim t bn trong, mi c th ginh c thng li trong "cuc cnh tranh quc t ngy cng quyt lit trn bin, thc hin tt Ngh quyt i hi i biu ton quc ln th XI ca ng l a nc ta tr thnh quc gia mnh v kinh t bin trong khu vc, gp phn xy dng t nc tr thnh mt nc cng nghip vo nm 2020./. 1 . H Ch Minh ton tp, tp 9, Nh xut bn Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni 1996, tr. 404 1 Ngh quyt s 58/NQ-TW, ngy 18/11/1958 ca B Chnh tr. 1 B Chnh tr Ban Chp hnh Trung ng CSVN, Ngh quyt v mt s nhim v pht trin kinh t bin trong nhng nm trc mt, s 03-NQ/TW ngy 6-5-1993. 1 ng Cng sn Vit Nam, Vn kin i hi i biu ton quc ln th IX, Nxb CTQG, HN, 2001, tr. 64 2 ng Cng sn Vit Nam, Vn kin i hi i biu ton quc ln th X, Nxb CTQG, HN, 2006, tr.74 1 ng Cng sn Vit Nam, Vn kin i hi i biu ton quc ln th IX, Nxb CTQG, HN, 2001, tr. 182 2 ng Cng sn Vit Nam, Vn kin i hi i biu ton quc ln th X, Nxb CTQG, HN, 2006, tr. 93 1 Ban Vn ha-T tng Trung ng, Ti liu hc tp Ngh quyt Hi ngh ln th tm Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng kha IX, Nxb CTQG, HN 2003, tr. 46, 47. 1 Vin Chin lc pht trin, nh hng s b pht trin kinh t bin Vit Nam, HN,1995, tr. 33 1 B Chnh tr Ban Chp hnh Trung ng CSVN, Ngh quyt v mt s nhim v pht trin kinh t bin trong nhng nm trc mt, s 03-NQ/TW ngy 6-5-1993. 2 Ban Ch o Nh nc v Bin ng v cc hi o, Bo co trin khai Ngh quyt B Chnh tr s 03-NQ/TW ngy 6-5-1993 v Ch th s 399 ngy 5-8-1993 ca Th tng Chnh ph v bin, HN, 1995, tr. 3 1 ng Cng sn Vit Nam, Vn kin i hi i biu ton quc ln th IX, Nxb CTQG, HN, 2001, tr. 137 1 B Chnh tr Ban Chp hnh Trung ng CSVN, Ch th v y mnh pht trin kinh t bin theo hng cng nghip ha, hin i ha, s 20-CT/TW ngy 22-9-1997. 2 ng Cng sn Vit Nam, Vn kin i hi i biu ton quc ln th XQ)zLI2$Tdx^`Ta$gd`BS$Tdx^`Ta$gd`BS$Tdx1$^`Ta$gd`BS$Tdx^`Ta$gd`BSHIh2 ajtwy(خ{oooooZG%hh`BSB*CJaJmHphsH(h[h`BS5B*CJaJmHphsHh`BSB*CJaJph!hh`BS@B*CJaJphhh`BSB*CJaJph%h[h`BSB*CJaJmHphsH)h[h`BS@B*CJaJmHphsH)h[h`BS@B*CJaJmHphsH)hh`BS@B*CJaJmHphsH#h`BS@B*CJaJmHphsH2zyUpssss$Tdx^`Ta$gd`BS$Tdx1$^`Ta$gd`BS$Tdx^`Ta$gd`BS$Tdx^`Ta$gd`BS$Tdx1$^`Ta$gd`BS$Tdx^`Ta$gd`BS ()/8]fcmaCDOPDzwdwdMdMd-h[h`BSB*CJOJQJaJmHphsH%h[h`BSB*CJaJmHphsH)h[h`BS0JB*CJaJmHphsH'h`BS0J@B*CJaJmHphsH#h`BS@B*CJaJmHphsH)hh`BS@B*CJaJmHphsH)hh`BS@B*CJaJmHphsH%hh`BSB*CJaJmHphsHh`BSB*CJaJmHphsHp_]z X 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